Bt Cotton in India Socio-Economic Impact & Welfare Benefits.

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1 Bt Cotton in India Socio-Economic Impact & Welfare Benefits

2 ISAAA is a Pro-Choice Organization A Not-for-Profit Charity, co-sponsored by public and private sector organizations Share knowledge freely on crop biotechnology whilst respecting the rights of others to make their own decisions; ensure that the global community is well informed about the attributes and potential of the new technologies MISSION - Contribute to poverty alleviation by increasing crop productivity and income generation, particularly for small resource-poor farmers and to ensure a safer and more sustainable environment

3 The Challenge NO SINGLE APPROACH will suffice to feed growing population Conventional crop improvement ALONE will not double crop production by 2050 GM/BIOTECH CROPS NOT A PANACEA but essential Successful strategy must have MULTIPLE APPROACHES that address all the principal issues that include: Population stabilization Improved food distribution systems A Technology Component is ESSENTIAL A crop improvement STRATEGY THAT INTEGRATES the BEST of the OLD (CONVENTIONAL) and the BEST of the NEW (BIOTECH) to optimize productivity and CONTRIBUTE to food, feed and fiber security

4 Chronology of Countries Approving Planting of Biotech Cotton, 1996 to 2011 Source: ISAAA, 2011

5 Global Adoption of Biotech Traits vis-à-vis Total Biotech Cotton,1996 to 2011 Source: ISAAA, 2011

6 Percentage of Biotech Cotton of Total Cotton Area, 1996 to 2011 Source: ISAAA, 2011

7 Why deny biotech cotton to African small farmers? Bt cotton first approved for commercial planting in 1996 Accumulated 158 million hectares of biotech cotton (Bt/HT) planted for last 16 years 13 major cotton growing countries (>85% global area) reaping enormous benefits of biotech cotton In 2011, biotech cotton (Bt, HT & Bt/HT) was planted on 24.7 million ha, equivalent to 68% of total global cotton area More productive; farmer s friendly and proven safe for 16 years, with millions of small & marginal farmers benefiting from biotech cotton Why African countries including Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania & Malawi; Mali, Togo, Nigeria & Ghana; and Egypt are denying small farmers of a choice that can help them in reducing cost of cultivation, increase production and farm income?

8 Cotton: The King of the crops in India Cotton is one of the most important cash crops in the country. India plants one third (12.1mha) of the total 36 mha cotton area planted in the world remaining 22 mha planted by 29 countries. More than 90% of area under cotton is American Hirustum hybrid cotton, remaining area planted with varieties of Herbeacum, Arboreum and Barbadense cotton. Approx 8 million small farmers grows cotton on average 1.5 ha, with 2/3 of cotton area under raifed condition and remaining 1/3 irrigated.

9 Cotton: The King of the crops in India India produces around 33 to 35 million bales of cotton every year, with average yield of 500 kg/ha yield ranges between 330 kg/ha in Central Zone to 850 kg/ha in irrigated areas of Northern and other zones. Cotton is grown in 9 States of India, classified into Northern, Central and Southern Zones. Central zone, which grows rainfed cotton occupies 7.3mha (66%) of cotton area while Northern zone 1.4mha (12%) and Southern zone 2.4mha (22%).

10 Zone wise area under cotton in India North Zone (1.4Mha, 0.8 million farmers, 12% of total area, irrigated) Punjab (1), Haryana (2) and Rajasthan (3) Central Zone (7.3Mha, 4.8 million farmers, 66% of total area, rainfed) Gujarat (4), Maharashtra (5), Madhya Pradesh (6) Southern Zone (2.4Mha, 1.9 million farmers 22% of total area, rainfed) Andhra Pradesh (7), Karnataka (8) and Tamil Nadu (9)

11 Zone wise spatial distribution of cotton,

12 Distribution of land holding, nos of farmers, and production of cotton in India,

13 Tech introduction, cotton hectares and cotton yield in India, 1950 to 2001 Pre-Bt cotton era Source: Compiled by Bhagirath Choudhary, 2011

14 Tech introduction, cotton hectares and cotton yield in India, 2002 to 2011 Pre-Bt cotton era Post-Bt cotton era Source: Compiled by Bhagirath Choudhary, 2011

15 Technology and Cotton Growth *In 1952, the production was 4.15 m bales with productivity of 105 kg lint/ha as against the production of 31.5 m bales with productivity of +500 kg lint / ha

16 Highlights of ten years of Bt cotton, 2002 to 2011 Single gene Bt cotton hybrids released for commercial cultivation in 2002, with double genes Bt cotton replacing single genes hybrids from 2006 onwards. Adoption of Bt cotton increased from 50,000 ha in to 10.6 mha or 88% of the total cotton area in Nos of small farmers growing cotton increased from a few thousand in to 7 million small farmers in Hybrid cotton area doubled from 45% in to 88% in led by widespread use of Bt cotton hybrids. Bt cotton halved insecticide usage from 46% of total insecticides used in to 21% of total insecticide use in

17 Adoption of Bt cotton area, 2002 to 2011

18 State wise adoption of Bt cotton,

19 Percentage Reduction of Insecticides on Cotton Relative to Total Insecticides/Pesticides Used in Agriculture in India, 2001 to 2010

20 Highlights of ten years of Bt cotton, 2002 to 2011 Multiple-usages of cotton as food (edible oil), feed (deoiled cake) & fibre (kapas) three-fold increase in cotton oil from 0.46 million tons in to 1.31 million tons in Cotton cake contributes one-third of cattle feed consumption in India. Abundant production of long staple cotton (27.5 to 32mm staple length) (a major raw materials for India s booming textile industry). Vibrant hybrid cotton seed industry- twenty-two-fold increase in value from US$25 million in to US$551 million in India s share to global cotton production increased from 14% in to 21% in , with India emerging as a major exporter of cotton.

21 Growth of Long Staple Cotton in India, 2002 to 2011

22 Cotton Hectarage and Production in India, 2002 to 2011

23 Export Import of cotton, 2001 to 2010

24 India: 7 million beneficiary small farmers 7 million small & marginal beneficiary farmers in India in Highest product repeat index - 9 out of 10 small farmers prefer to buy Bt cotton hybrid seed each season. Independent public sector study reports Bt cotton decreased insecticide sprays by 39%, increased yield by 31%, resulting in increased profit of 88% equivalent to US$250 or more per hectare. Socio-economic & welfare benefits are measured in terms of improved living standard, higher enrollment in school and better health care facilities for women. Bt cotton contributed to India s farm economy a whooping US$9.4 billion in the period 2002 to (first nine year) and US$2.5 billion in alone.

25 Summary of Major Findings of the twelve Socio-Economic Studies conducted prepost commercialization of Bt cotton Twelve Studies Conducted by Public Institutes on the Benefits of Bt Cotton in India for the Years, 1998 to 2010 Publication 1 Naik ICAR field trials Qaim Bennet IIMA ICA R FLD Andhra Universi ty CESS Subram anian & Qaim Sadashiva ppa & Qaim Qaim et al Subra manian & Qaim 2010 Period studied & & Yield increase 38% 60-90% 34% 45-63% 31% 30.9% 46% 32% 30-40% 43% 37% 43% Reduction in no. of spray 4 to 1 (75%) 5-6 to 1 spray (70%) 6.8 to 4.2 (50%) 3 to 1 39% 55% 25% 50% 21% 41% 21% Increased profit 77% 68% 69% 50% or more gross margins 88% 110% 83% 70% 89% 134% Average increase in profit/hectare $76 to $236/he ctare $96 to $210/he ctare $118/h ectare $250/h ectare $223/hec tare $225/h ectare $156/hect are or more $148 /hectare or more $131/hecta re or more $161/hec tare or more Source: Compiled by ISAAA, 2011

26 Relevance & need of biotech cotton particularly for small farmers Biotech cotton (Bt/Ht) is neither a growth promoter nor a magic bullet. Right combination of biotech trait(s) and genotype(s) is key to success. Returns on biotech cotton largely depend on the degree of insect-pest infestation & high weed prevalence. Biotech cotton efficiently controls damage caused to cotton bolls and, thus reduce need for insecticides sprays, more efficient weed control and save losses resulting in lower cost of production and higher production. Multiplication and timely availability of quality and purity of biotech cotton seeds (varietal/hybrid) is must to optimize the efficacy of biotech trait(s) and productivity of genotypes.

27 Implementation of APPROPRIATE REGULATION is a MUST to spur adoption of biotech crops in AFRICA EGYPT EGYPT BURKINA FASO KENYA UGANDA MALI BURKINA FASO GHANA TOGO UGANDA KENYA TANZANIA MALAWI NIGERIA SOUTH AFRICA NIGERIA SOUTH AFRICA 2011 (3 countries) South Africa, Burkina Faso and Egypt Ongoing Biotech Crop Field Testing 2015 (up to 10 countries) South Africa, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Egypt, Mali, Togo, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Malawi