A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Second Edition

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1 A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Second Edition The second edition of A History of Sub-Saharan Africa continues to provide an accessible introduction to the continent s history for students and general readers. The authors employ a thematic approach to their subject, focusing on how the environment has shaped the societies and cultures of the African peoples. The text demonstrates how the geography, climate, and geology of Africa influenced the rise of states and empires, the emergence of the trans-atlantic slave trade, the European conquest, and the creation of independent African nations. Yet the book maintains a focus on the peoples whose creative energies built unique communities and traditions within the challenging context of the Africa landmass. In the process of reconstructing this continent s rich history, the authors analyze the contentious scholarly debates that have emerged out of this field. The book is illustrated with photographs, maps, and sidebars that feature the salient points on either side of the debates. robert o. collins ( ) began his career in Africa in 1956 when he traveled to the newly independent nation of Sudan. He taught African history at the University of California, Santa Barbara, for forty years. He is the author of more than twenty books on African history. james m. burns is a Professor at Clemson University, where he has taught since In the past decade, he has published more than a dozen articles on popular culture in Africa and the African diaspora. His monograph Flickering Shadows: Cinema and Identity in Colonial Zimbabwe was chosen as one of Choice magazine s outstanding titles for Another monograph, Cinema and Society in the British Empire, , is forthcoming.

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3 A History of Sub-Saharan Africa Second Edition ROBERT O. COLLINS Late of the University of California, Santa Barbara JAMES M. BURNS Clemson University

4 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY , USA Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / C 2007, 2014 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2007 Second edition published 2014 Reprinted 2015 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc. A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Collins, Robert O., A history of Sub-Saharan Africa / Robert O. Collins, late of the University of California, Santa Barbara ; James M. Burns, Clemson University. Second edition. pages cm. Includes index. ISBN (hardback) ISBN (pbk.) 1. Africa, Sub-Saharan History. I. Burns, James McDonald. II. Title. DT351.C dc ISBN Hardback ISBN Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

5 To our students

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7 Contents Acknowledgments page ix Part I Part II Introduction 1 Foundations 1 The historical geography of Africa 7 2 Kingdoms on the Nile 23 3 The peoples of sub-saharan Africa: society, culture, and language 40 4 Crops, cows, and iron 52 5 Northeast Africa in the age of Aksum 64 6 Empires of the plains 78 7 East Africa and the Indian Ocean world 96 8 The Lake Plateau of East Africa Societies and states of the West African forest Kingdoms and trade in Central Africa The peoples and states of southern Africa 159 Africa in World History 12 The arrival of Europeans in sub-saharan Africa Diseases and crops: old and new Slavery in Africa 201 vii

8 viii Contents 15 The Atlantic slave trade The Asian slave trade 227 Part III Imperial Africa 17 Upsetting the equilibrium The European conquest of Africa Southern Africa, European colonial rule in Africa The colonial legacy 308 Part IV Independent Africa 22 Nationalism and the independence of colonial Africa The Union of South Africa and the apartheid state A decade of hope Cold War Africa Africa at the beginning of the twenty-first century 377 Index 391

9 Acknowledgments Bob Collins, the visionary behind this volume, passed away shortly after the publication of its first edition. It is with a heavy heart, and an enormous sense of responsibility, that I have prepared the revision of the second edition for publication without him. Bob loved scholarship. He was fascinated by the debates that provide the lifeblood of our discipline. I never saw him so happy as when he was mulling over a historical problem and evaluating the evidence provided for contrary points of view. So although it is with some trepidation that I find myself revising his words, I know that he would want to deliver the most up-to-date scholarship to his readers. Although most people in our field knew Bob for the quality and quantity of his scholarship, he was first and foremost a teacher. He loved to share a good story with his students, and he never encountered a story he enjoyed more than the history of Africa. He possessed an encyclopedic knowledge of the continent and could have regaled listeners for hours from memory. But he never did his class presentations were scripted with an attention to detail that is reflected in every page of this text. Bob s teaching, like his scholarship, was always precise, never casual or half-hearted. This was because he was a perfectionist. But also because he believed that the story he was telling was profoundly interesting and vitally important. Those who had the enormous good fortune to have Bob as a mentor knew him to be to use a clichéd, but entirely apt phrase a true gentleman and scholar. For the reader who never knew Bob, I hope this book will give you a glimpse of the enormous intelligence, passion, and integrity of the man. ix

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