Laboratory Guide for Biology 203. Human Anatomy and Physiology. Marilyn M. Shannon, M.A.

Transcription

1 Laboratory Guide for Biology 203 Human Anatomy and Physiology Marilyn M. Shannon, M.A

2 INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY I. ANATOMICAL TERMS A. Anatomical position (Fig. 1.10, p. 13) 1. Draw it, describe it, or stand in it. Why are the forearms in an unnatural position? 2. Does the anatomical position emphasize anatomy as the study of the living, the ill, or the dead? 3. Why is a standard position needed for the study of gross anatomy? B. Terminology for the body s regions (Fig.1.11a, p. 15) Most terms presented here will be used several times as you study anatomy. (For example: femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, and quadriceps femoris. ) Practice the vocabulary below frequently on the laboratory models and on yourself. Note: the anatomical term arm means only the upper arm and leg means only the lower leg. Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Cervical Thoracic Pectoral Sternal Mammary Abdominal Navel Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Pubic (genital) Otic Buccal ( buck-ul ) Mental Clavicular Axillary Brachial (arm) Cubital Antebrachial (forearm) Manual Carpal Palmar Digital Coxal Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Pedal ( pea -dul ) Dorsum Digital 2

3 3 C. Posterior, Fig.1.11b Occipital Nuchal ( noo-kul ) Scapular Vertebral Loin (lumbar) Sacral Gluteal (buttocks) Perineum (perineal) Acromion Olecranon Dorsum of hand Popliteal Calf (sural) Plantar Calcaneal D. Opposite pairs of directional terms (Fig. 1.10, p. 13; Table 1.1, p. 14) Point in these directions on the lab models and on yourself. Right / Left (These refer to the subject s own right or left.) Superior / Inferior (head and trunk) Cephalic / Caudal (head and trunk) Proximal / Distal (limbs only) Medial / Lateral Anterior / Posterior Ventral / Dorsal Superficial / Deep ( Not illustrated; Table 1 only) E. Planes of section of the body (Fig. 1.13, p.17) Find several examples of these planes of section on the torso models. Transverse or horizontal planes (parallel to the floor) Frontal or coronal planes (separate front from back) Midsagittal plane (separates into equal left and right halves) Parasagittal planes (parallel to midsagittal, but halves are unequal) Oblique plane (slanting or sloping; neither horizontal nor perpendicular to the ground)

4 4 II. THE ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY A. The eleven organ systems are composed of organs which co-operate in shared functions. (Fig. 1.3, pp.7-8) 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive

5 5 III. LAB ASSIGNMENT A. Locate the following organs on the torso models or pelvic models. Brain Spinal cord Larynx ( lare-inks ) Thyroid gland Cervical lymph nodes Trachea Esophagus Heart Lungs Aorta Bronchi Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Axillary lymph nodes Diaphragm Stomach Pancreas Spleen Liver Gall bladder Small intestine Large intestine Kidneys Adrenal glands Appendix Ureters Rectum Bladder Ovaries Uterus Prostate gland Urethra Inguinal lymph nodes B. For the organs named above (and only these ones), write the name of each one with the organ system to which it belongs on page 4 of this Lab Guide. (Fig. 1.3, pp.7-8]) Some organs belong to more than one organ system; for example, the pancreas is both a digestive organ and an endocrine organ. C. Using the lab models for reference, fill in the following with the correct terms. 1. Regional terms (Fig and 1.11 are helpful): a. The fingernails are in the region. b. The eyes are in the region. c. Between the cubital region and the carpal region is the region.

6 6 d. The diaphragm separates the region from the region. e. Between the femoral region and the crural region is the region. 2. Using the lab models for reference, fill in the directional terms that describe the location of the body regions. (Fig and 1.11 are helpful.) a. The terms that mean front in the human are and. b. The terms that are used only on the limbs are and. c. The terms that mean toward the head are and. d. The terms that mean in back or behind are and. e. The pectoral region is to the sternal region. f. The pubic region is to the inguinal region. g. The orbital regions are to the frontal region. h. The brachial regions are to the cubital regions. i. In the anatomical positions the palms are facing.

7 7 j. The acromial regions are to the clavicular regions. 3. Directional terms using the body organs. a. The thyroid gland is on the side of the region. b. The adrenal glands are to the kidneys. c. The stomach is to the pancreas. d. The heart is to the lungs. e. The liver is to the gall bladder. f. The spinal cord is located to the thoracic and abdominal regions. 4. Planes of section of the human body (Fig. 1.13, p. 17) a. A section in the abdomen from the right coxal region to the left coxal region is in the or plane. b. An incision in the leg from the lateral patellar region to the lateral tarsal region is in the or plane. c. To open the thoracic region with a vertical incision in the middle of the sternal region, a incision is used.