JOHN STUART MILL UTILITARIANISM. Introduction to Philosophy Phil 100, Summer 2011 Benjamin Visscher Hole IV
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1 JOHN STUART MILL UTILITARIANISM Introduction to Philosophy Phil 100, Summer 2011 Benjamin Visscher Hole IV
2 Hedonistic Utilitarianism Utilitarianism: An act is right if and only if (and because) it would (if performed) likely produce at least as high a utility (net overall balance of welfare) as would any other alternative action one might perform instead. (Timmons, 8) Hedonism: Pleasure is the one and only value and pain is the one and only disvalue. Bentham is a Quantitative Hedonist Mill is a Qualitative Hedonist
3 Recapitulation of Bentham s HU Features of Bentham s HU Problems with Bentham s HU Bentham makes a felicific calculus for maximizing utils. On this view: 1.Pleasures are sensations. 2.Pleasures are homogenous with respect to value. 3.Pleasures are given. 1. Pleasures are sensations. 2. Pleasures are homogenous with respect to value. 3. Distributive objection 4. Demandingness a. Psychological b. Substantive
4 Bentham supported animal rights
5 John Stuart Mill ( ) Child of James Mill, who was a close friend of Bentham Raised as a living exhibit of the power of utilitarianism A celebrity as a child, touring Europe to defend utilitarianism Read Greek at three
6 Mill has a mental breakdown at age 20: [I] had what might truly be called an object in life; to be a reformer of the world. My conception of my own happiness was entirely identified with this object....[i]t occurred to me to put the question directly to myself: "Suppose that all your objects in life were realized; that all the changes in institutions and opinions which you are looking forward to, could be completely effected at this very instant: would this be a great joy and happiness to you?" And an irrepressible self-consciousness distinctly answered, "No!" At this my heart sank within me: the whole foundation on which my life was constructed fell down. (From Mill s Autobiography:
7 At age Mill meets Harriet Taylor, who is already married to John Taylor. They write together in a chaste relationship for twenty-one years They are married in 1851, two years after the death of John Taylor
8 Why is this relevant? There are clear echoes of these experiences in Mill s writing: 1. Experiments in living 2. Feminism & Education 3. Pleasures differ in quality, not just quantity 4. There are higher pleasures
9 Mill s Hedonistic Utilitarianism the summum bonum, or, the foundation of morality (329) What is value?
10 Mill s Hedonistic Utilitarianism pleasure and freedom from pain are the only things desirable as ends; and that all desirable things are desirable either for pleasure inherent in themselves or as a means to the promotion of pleasure and the prevention of pain (330). Intrinsic vs. Instrumental value The Fetishism Argument
11 The Reductionist Move The Fetishism Argument Hedonism: pleasure is the only intrinsic value. All other apparent values are only, at best, instrumentally valuable towards pleasure. The fetishism argument claims that if you deny the above bullet point, you re fetishizing some instrumental value as an intrinsic one. Discussion Question 1. (a) Are there bad pleasures? (b) Does the Deluded Sadist thought experiment count for or against the fetishism argument? 2. Are there any other possible objections? How can you block the reductionist s move?
12 Mill Reformulates Bentham s Hedonism Qualitative vs. Quantitative i.higher pleasures are qualitatively better than lower pleasures. ii.higher pleasures are immeasurable and therefore incommensurable with one another. iii.no matter how much lower pleasure you have, it is not as good as a higher pleasure.
13 What are higher pleasures? Human beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites and, when once made conscious of them, do not regard anything as happiness which does not include their gratification (331).
14 What are higher pleasures? Moral elitism? Human beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites and, when once made conscious of them, do not regard anything as happiness which does not include their gratification (331).
15 Possible Objection Doctrine worthy of a swine Mill s Response: The HP vs. LP Distinction Higher Pleasures (human/intellectual) vs. Lower Pleasures (animal/bodily)
16 It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied (331). The Pig Socrates CONTENTMENT: Lower Pleasures No Lower Pleasures HAPPINESS: No Higher Pleasures Higher Pleasures Higher Pleasures (human/intellectual) vs. Lower Pleasures (animal/bodily)
17 It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied (331). Discussion Question Do you agree with Mill? Higher Pleasures (human/intellectual) vs. Lower Pleasures (animal/bodily)
18 The Competent Judges Test Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference that is the most desirable pleasure If one of the two is, by those who are competently acquainted with both, placed so far above the other that they prefer it, and would not resign it for any quantity of the other pleasure which their nature is capable of, we are justified in ascribing to the preferred enjoyment a superiority in quality so far outweighing quantity as to render it, in comparison, of small account (330).
19 The Competent Judges Test 1. Competent judges are people who have experienced both higher and lower pleasures. 2. They choose higher pleasures over the qualitatively different lower pleasures because the higher ones are qualitatively better. 3. If someone chooses lower pleasures, he is not a competent judge (has not fully experienced the higher pleasure).
20 Discussion Question Can the competence of such jurors be decided in a way that does not beg the question at issue? (331)
21 Mill responds to critics Objection Demandingness: there is not time, previous to action, for calculating and weighing the effects (332) Response The answer to the objection is that there has been ample time, namely the whole past duration of the human species (332).
22 Mill responds to critics Objection One objection to act utilitarianism is that it would sanction violating various common-sense moral rules whenever a small amount of utility would result (332). Response A response to this objection is that when the damaging effects of such actions of valuable social institutions and practices are added in, such violations will be justified only in very unusual cases, where it is no longer clear that they are objectionable (332).
23 Rule Utilitarianism? What kind of rule? Rules of thumb admit exceptions cases. Universal rules do not admit exception cases. All theories need rules of thumb Whatever we adopt as the fundamental principle of morality, we require subordinate principles to apply it by; (333)
24 The Collapse of Rule Utilitarianism
25 Can Mill hold the line? Recall Mill s argument (editors gloss) A response to this objection is that when the damaging effects of such actions of valuable social institutions and practices are added in, such violations will be justified only in very unusual cases, where it is no longer clear that they are objectionable (332).
26 Mill s Proof Mill s Empiricism a. Visible = df able to be seen b. Desirable = df able to be desired c. valuable = df what we desire Quote No reason can be given why the general happiness is desirable, except that each person, so far as he believes it to be attainable, desires his own happiness (334).
27 Mill s Proof Mill s Empiricism a. Visible = df able to be seen b. Desirable = df able to be desired c. valuable = df what we desire Upshots ACCORDING TO MILL: Virtue is instrumentally valuable Virtue is instrumentally valuable a fortiori when it is valued as an end in itself, i.e., as an intrinsic value. So what can Mill say about the Deluded Sadist?
28 Mill s Proof Mill s Empiricism a. Visible = df able to be seen b. Desirable = df able to be desired c. valuable = df what we desire G.E. Moore s Objection Well, the fallacy in this step is so obvious, that it is quite wonderful how Mill failed to see it. The fact is that 'desirable' does not mean 'able to be desired' as 'visible' means 'able to be seen.' The desirable means simply what ought to be desired or deserves to be desired; just as the detestable means not what can but what ought to be detested and the damnable what deserves to be damned...is it merely a tautology when the Prayer Book talks of good desires? Are not bad desires also possible? (Principia Ethica, 40)
29 Mill s Proof Mill s Empiricism a. Visible = df able to be seen b. Desirable = df able to be desired c. valuable = df what we desire G.E. Moore s Objection THE NATURALISTIC FALLACY Value cannot be defined in naturalistic terms (e.g., pleasure, what we desire). Any naturalistic definition of value is not true by definition. Whether the definition is true is an open question. So whether value is what we desire is also an open question.
30 Comparison Problems with Bentham s HU Mill s HU 1. Pleasures are sensations 2. Pleasures are quantifiable 3. Distributive objection 4. Demandingness Discussion Question How does Mill s revised version of Bentham s HU stand up to the criticisms?
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