Plug-in Hybrid Cars (PHEVs)
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1 Plug-in Hybrid Cars (PHEVs) L. David Roper Professor Emeritus of Physics Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University tinyurl.com/roperldavid tinyurl.com/pluginhybridsroper Fuel Economy: Federal Tax Credit: New &Upcoming: US states with incentives for green cars
2 My Experience with PHEVs 2005: Bought a 2005 Toyota Prius. 2009: Had it converted to a Hymotion PHEV. 2006: Bought a 2006 Toyota Highlander Hybrid. 2013: Attempted to convert it to a PHEV-failed!
3 PHEV versus HEV Same components as in an HEV + Larger battery (Prius 1.3 kwh vs Prius Prime 8.8 kwh) Different computer controls to allow motion using battery only until its charge gets below some value Charger to connect to a charging station to charge the larger battery (3.3 kw or 6.6 kw; some fast charger) External J1772 receptacle for 120-volts or 220-volts charging; some have fast-charging receptacle Long cord in the trunk for 120-volts charging anywhere Dash display to show the State Of Charge (SOC) Dash display to show location of nearby charging stations
4 EPA Driving Cycles
5 PHEV Monroney Label 1: Vehicle Technology & Fuel. 2: Fuel Economy. 3: Comparing to Other Vehicles 4: Save/Spend More of 5 Years Compared. 5: Fuel Consumption Rate. 6: Estimated Annual Fuel Cost. 7: Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating. 8: CO 2 Emissions. 9: Smog Rating. 10: Details 11: QR Code. 12: Web page. 13: Driving Range. 14: Charge Time
6 Toyota Prius Prime 2017 Battery = 8.8 kwh
7 US Tax Credit for Plug-In Vehicles For vehicles acquired after December 31, 2009, the credit is equal to $2,500 plus, for a vehicle which draws propulsion energy from a battery with at least 5 kilowatt hours of capacity, $417, plus an additional $417 for each kilowatt hour of battery capacity in excess of 5 kilowatt hours. The total amount of the credit allowed for a vehicle is limited to $7,500. The credit begins to phase out for a manufacturer s vehicles when at least 200,000 qualifying vehicles have been sold for use in the United States (determined on a cumulative basis for sales after December 31, 2009).
8 Expiration of BEV Tax Credits Current Expectations For $7,500 Federal Credit Phase-Out For Major US EV Makers. Grey shaded areas are expected cumulative future sales in 000s. Colored blocks indicate stage of the Federal credit a particular OEM is at.
9 Chevrolet Volt PHEV Electric Range: 53 miles Total Range: 420 miles Battery Capacity: 18.4 kwh Hybrid Efficiency: 42 MPG Electric Efficiency: 106 MPGe MSRP: $33,170 Federal Tax Credit: $7,500
10 Toyota Prius Prime PHEV Electric Range: 25 miles Total Range: 640 miles Battery Capacity: 8.8 kwh Hybrid Efficiency: 54 MPG Electric Efficiency: 133 MPGe MSRP: $27,100 Federal Tax Credit: $4,502
11 Chevrolet Volt 2017 Battery = 18.4 kwh
12 Ford C-Max Energi PHEV Electric Range: 19 miles Total Range: 620 miles Battery Capacity: 7.6 kwh Hybrid Efficiency: 38 MPG Electric Efficiency: 88 MPGe MSRP: $27,120 Federal Tax Credit: $4,007
13 Other PHEVs Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid Electric Range: 30 miles Total Range: 530 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 32 MPG Electric Efficiency: 84 MPGe Battery Capacity: 16 kwh Federal Tax Credit: $7,500 Audi A3 e-tron/e-tron ultra Electric Range: 16/17 miles Total Range: 380/430 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 35/39 MPG Electric Efficiency: 83/86 MPGe Battery Capacity: 8.8 kwh US Tax Credit: $4,502
14 Other PHEVs Volvo XC90 T8 AWD PHEV Electric Range: 14 miles Total Range: 350 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 25 MPG Electric Efficiency: 53 MPGe Battery Capacity: 9.2 kwh US Tax Credit: $ 4,585 BMW i3 REx (Range Extender) Electric Range: 97 miles Total Range: 180 miles (2.4-gallons gas tank!) Hybrid Efficiency: 35 MPG Electric Efficiency: 111 MPGe Battery Capacity: 33 kwh Gasoline Capacity: 2.4 gallons Generator: 33.5 hp US Tax Credit: $7,500
15 Other PHEVs BMW 740e xdrive AWD Electric Range: 14 miles Total Range: 340 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 27 MPG Electric Efficiency: 64 MPGe US Tax Credit: $4,668 BMW 530e Electric Range: 19 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 31 MPG Electric Efficiency: 72 MPGe Battery Capacity: 9.2 kwh US Tax Credit: $4,001
16 Other PHEVs BMW 330e Electric Range: 14 miles Total Range: 350 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 31 MPG Electric Efficiency: 72 MPGe Battery Capacity: 7.6 kwh US Tax Credit: $4,001 BMW X5 xdrive40e Electric Range: 14 miles Total Range: 540 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 24 MPG Electric Efficiency: 56 MPGe Battery Capacity:? kwh US Tax Credit: $4668
17 Other PHEVs Mercedes E350e AWD Electric Range: 19 miles Hybrid Efficiency:? MPG Electric Efficiency: 93 MPGe Battery Capacity: 6.2 kwh US Tax Credit: $? Mercedes GLC 350e Electric Range: 21 miles Hybrid Efficiency: MPG Electric Efficiency: 109 MPGe Battery Capacity: 8.7 kwh US Tax Credit: $?
18 Other PHEVs Mercedes GLE 550e Electric Range: 12 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 21 MPG Electric Efficiency: 43 MPGe Battery Capacity: 8.7 kwh US Tax Credit: $4,085 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV AWD Electric Range: 22 miles Hybrid Efficiency:? MPG Electric Efficiency: 131 MPGe Battery Capacity: 12 kwh US Tax Credit: $?
19 Other PHEVs Kia Optima PHEV Electric Range: 27 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 40 MPG Electric Efficiency: 103 MPGe Battery Capacity: 9.8 kwh US Tax Credit: $? Volkswagen Golf GTE PHEV Electric Range: 22 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 45 MPG Electric Efficiency: 95 MPGe Battery Capacity: 8.8 kwh US Tax Credit: $7,500
20 Other PHEVs Hyundai Sonata Plug-In Hybrid Electric Range: 27 miles Total Range: 600 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 40 MPG Electric Efficiency: 99 MPGe Battery Capacity: 9.8 kwh US Tax Credit: $4,919 Hyundai Ioniq Plug-In Hybrid Electric Range: 31 miles Hybrid Efficiency:? MPG Electric Efficiency: 125 MPGe Battery Capacity: 8.9 kwh US Tax Credit: $?
21 Other PHEVs Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid Electric Range: 14 miles Total Range: miles Hybrid Efficiency: 47 MPG Electric Efficiency: 27 MPGe Battery Capacity: 10.8 kwh US Tax Credit: $5,300 Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid Electric Range: 23 miles Hybrid Efficiency: 27 MPG Electric Efficiency: 51 MPGe Battery Capacity: 14.1 kwh US Tax Credit: $7,500
22 I3 Rex total range is only 180 miles.
23
24 Better metric to compare PHEVs: Gallons/10,000-Miles is about how much gasoline would be used in one year. Multiply by $/Gallon to get an estimate of the yearly fuel cost.
25
26
27 I3 Rex total range is only 180 miles. Chevrolet Volt range in 420 miles. Prius Prime total range is 640 miles.
28 Why Not Fuel-Cell (FCEV) Cars? They are very complicated: Requires a battery similar to a PHEV! Hydrogen fuel is not easy to obtain. Most is made from methane and water, which produces carbon dioxide with the hydrogen! Should be made by solar! Better for heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks & ships.
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