Chapter 14 Glycolysis. Glycolysis. The Glycolytic Pathway Figure 14.1 Glucose is converted to two pyruvate. Fates of Pyruvate. Glycolysis - Rexn 1
|
|
- Jeffrey Potter
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 14 Glycolysis The Glycolytic Pathway Figure 14.1 is converted to two pyruvate Glycolysis Glycolysis: a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions by which glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvate C 1 2 glycolysis 2 C 3 CC there is net conversion of 2ADP to 2ATP C ADP + 2 P i 2 C 3 CC ATP Fates of is most commonly metabolized in one of three ways, depending on the type of organism and the presence or absence of 2 C 3 CC - aerobic conditions plants and animals anaerobic conditions contracting muscle anaerobic conditions fermentation in yeast 3 C C 3 CC - Lactate C 3 C 2 + C 2 Ethanol Glycolysis - Rexn 1 Reaction 1: 1 phosphorylation of -D-glucose C 2 -D P-- P-- AMP - - ATP C 2 P 3 -D---phosphate hexokinase Mg P-- AMP - ADP Glycolysis - Rexn 1 this reaction is driven by the free energy of hydrolysis of ATP + P --phosphate + 2 G o' = kj ol i ATP + 2 ADP + Pi G o' = kj ol + ATP --phosphate + ADP G o' =.7 kj ol 1
2 Glycolysis - Rexn 1 catalyzed by hexokinase or glucokinase a large conformational change takes place when substrate is bound to the enzyme Figure 14.4 exokinase and hexokinase-glucose complex Glycolysis - Rexn 2 Reaction 2: isomerization of glucose--phosphate to fructose--phosphate C 2 P D---phosphate phosphoglucoisomerase C 2 P 3 1 C 2 2 -D-Fructose--phosphate Glycolysis - Rexn 2 this isomerization is most easily seen by considering the open-chain forms of each monosaccharide; it is one keto-enol tautomerism followed by another 1 C C 1 C 2 2 C 2 C C 2 P 3 --phosphate C 2 P 3 (An enediol) C 2 P 3 Fructose--phosphate Glycolysis - Rexn 3 Reaction 3: phosphorylation of fructose-- phosphate C 2 P 3 1 C 2 phosphofructokinase + ATP Mg 2 + -D-Fructose--phosphate C 2 P 3 1 C 2 P 3 + ADP -D-Fructose,-bisphosphate Glycolysis - Rexn 3 Phosphofructokinase: a key regulatory enzyme in the metabolism of glucose a tetramer and subject to allosteric feedback the tetramer is composed of L and M subunits M 4, M 3 L, M 2 L 2, ML 3, and L 4 all exist muscles are rich in M 4 the liver is rich in L 4 ATP is an allosteric effector; high levels inhibit the enzyme, low levels activate it fructose,-bisphosphate is also an allosteric effector Glycolysis - Rexn 3 Figure 14. Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme 2
3 Glycolysis - Rexn 4 Reaction 4: cleavage of fructose,-bisphosphate to two triose phosphates C 2 P 3 C= aldolase C 2 P 3 Fructose,-bisphosphate C 2 P 3 C= C 2 C C C 2 P 3 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glycolysis - Rexn 5 Reaction 5: isomerization of triose phosphates catalyzed by triosephosphate isomerase reaction involves two successive keto-enol tautomerizations only the D enantiomer of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed C 2 C= C 2 P 3 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate C C- C 2 P 3 An enediol intermediate C C C 2 P 3 D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glycolysis - Rexn Reaction : oxidation of the -C group of D- glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate the -C group is oxidized to a carboxyl group the oxidizing agent, NAD +, is reduced to NAD A two-electron oxidation G- C- + 2 G- C e - A two-electron reduction NAD e - NAD Glycolysis - Rexn We divide this reaction into three steps step 1: formation of a thiohemiacetal G- C- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + S-Enz G- C- S- Enz A thiohemiacetal G- C NAD + G- C- + + Glycolysis - Rexn We divide this reaction into three steps step 1: formation of a thiohemiacetal Glycolysis - Rexn step 2: oxidation of the thiohemiacetal by NAD + G- C- S- Enz CN 2 an enzyme-bound thioester G- C- S- Enz CN 2 N+ Ad : N Ad 3
4 Glycolysis - Rexn step 3: conversion of the thioester to a mixed anhydride Glycolysis - Rexn the overall reaction involves an exergonic oxidation and an endergonic phosphorylation the overall reaction is slightly endergonic oxidation: C- to C- - G o' = kj ol phosphorylation: C- - C- to C-- P- - - to C-- P- - - G o' = kj ol G o' = +.2 kj ol Glycolysis - Rexn 7 Reaction 7: transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP this reaction is called substrate-level phosphorylation - - P-- AMP ĀDP C-P 3 C + C 2 P 3 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate kinase C - C Mg 2+ C 2 P 3 3-Phosphoglycerate P-- P-- AMP - - ATP Glycolysis - Rexn 7 this reaction is the sum of the endergonic phosphorylation of ADP and the exergonic hydrolysis of the mixed phosphate anhydride phosphorylation: ADP + P i hydrolysis: C-- P C-- P- - - ATP + 2 C- - + ADP + P i C- - + P i G o' = +0.5 kj ol G o' = kj ol + ATP G o' = 8.8 kj ol Glycolysis - Rexn 8 Reaction 8: isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate Glycolysis - Rexn 9 Reaction 9: dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate C - C C 2 P 3 3-Phosphoglycerate phosphoglycerate mutase C - C P 3 C 2 2-Phosphoglycerate C - C P 3 C 2 2-Phosphoglycerate enolase Mg 2+ C - C P C 2 4
5 Glycolysis - Rexn 10 Reaction 10: phosphate transfer to ADP stage 1: transfer of the phosphate group C - C C 2 P 3 + pyruvate kinase Mg P - - A M P - ADP Glycolysis - Rexn 10 stage 2: enolization to pyruvate C - C- C 2 Enol of pyruvate C - C= C 3 reaction 10 is the sum of an exergonic hydrolysis and an endergonic phosphorylation of ATP hydrolysis PEP P i G o' = -1.9 kj ol C - C - + C 2 Enol of pyruvate - - P - - P - - A M P - - ATP phosphorylation ADP + P i ATP + 2 G o' = kj ol PEP + ADP + ATP G o' = kj ol Glycolysis Summing these 10 reactions gives the net equation for glycolysis C NAD + glycolysis + 2 P ADP 2 C 3 CC NAD + 2 ATP Energetics of Glycolysis The free energy change, G, for the 10 reactions of glycolysis are variously negative and positive but, taken together, occur with a large decrease in free energy Three reactions exhibit particularly large decreases in free energy; the enzymes that catalyze these reactions are sites of allosteric control hexokinase phosphofructokinase pyruvate kinase Energetics of Glycolysis hexokinase + P i --P + 2 ATP + 2 ADP + P i ) ATP --P + ADP.7 phosphofructokinase ) Fructose--P + P i Fructose,-DiP ATP + 2 ADP + P i ATP --phosphate + ADP 3.8 5
6 Energetics of Glycolysis pyruvate kinase ) P i -1.9 ADP + P i ATP ADP + ATP Energetics of Glycolysis conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-bisPG) to 3-phosphoglycerate also occurs with a large decrease in free energy ) 1,3-bisPG Phosphoglycerate + P i ADP + P i ATP ,3-bisPG + ADP 3-Phosphoglycerate + ATP 8.8 Reactions of does not accumulate in cells, but rather undergoes one of three enzyme-catalyzed reactions, depending of the type of cell and its state of oxygenation reduction to lactate reduction to ethanol oxidation and decarboxylation to acetyl-coa A key to understanding the biochemical logic behind two of these fates is to recognize that glycolysis needs a continuing supply of NAD + if no oxygen is present to reoxidize NAD to NAD +, then another way must be found to reoxidize it Lactate Fermentation In vertebrates under anaerobic conditions, the most important pathway for the regeneration of NAD + is reduction of pyruvate to lactate C 3 CC - + NAD + + lactate dehydrogenase C 3 CC - + NAD + Lactate lactate dehydrogenase (LD) is a tetrameric isoenzyme consisting of and M subunits; 4 predominates in heart muscle, and M 4 in skeletal muscle Research of fermentation to Lactate while lactate fermentation allows glycolysis to continue, it increases the concentration of lactate and also of + in muscle tissue C 1 2 lactate fermentation 2 C 3 CC Lactate when blood lactate reaches about 0.4 mg/100 ml, muscle tissue becomes almost completely exhausted
7 to Lactate Lactate fermentation occurs with a significant decrease in free energy + 2ADP + 2P i + 2NAD NAD ADP + 2P i 2 + 2ATP + 2NAD 2Lactate + 2NAD + 2Lactate + 2ATP - 1 ) to Ethanol Yeasts and several other organisms regenerate NAD + by this two-step pathway decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde C 3 CC pyruvate decarboxylase C 3 C + C 2 Acetaldehyde reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol C 3 C + NAD + + Acetaldehyde alcohol dehydrogenase C 3 C 2 + NAD + Ethanol to Acetyl-CoA Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation the carboxylate group is converted to C 2 the remaining two carbons are converted to the acetyl group of acetyl-coa to Acetyl-CoA oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-coa is considerably more complex than the previous equation suggests in addition to NAD + and coenzyme A, it also requires FAD, thiamine, and lipoic acid C 3 CC - + NAD + + CoAS oxidative decarboxylation C 3 CSCoA + C 2 + NAD Acetyl-CoA 3 C N 2 N N + N 3 C S Thiamine Vitmine B1 C 2 C 2 S S C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 C - Lipoic acid (shown as the carboxylate anion) Function group of thiamine Carbon on thiazole ring become carbanion easily and attack carbonyl group of pyruvate 7
Overview of Glycolysis Under anaerobic conditions, the glycolytic pathway present in most species results in a balanced reaction:
Glycolysis Glucose is a valuable molecule. It can be used to generate energy (in red blood cells and in brain under normal conditions, glucose is the sole energy source), and it can be used to generate
More informationChapter 14 Glycolysis. Glucose. 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate (sent to liver to be converted back to glucose) TCA Cycle
Chapter 14 Glycolysis Requires mitochondria and O 2 Glucose glycolysis anaerobic respiration 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate (sent to liver to be converted back to glucose) pyruvate dehydrogenase acetyl-coa TCA Cycle
More informationThe 3 stages of Glycolysis
The Glycolytic pathway describes the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate with the generation of ATP and NADH It is also called as the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway is a universal pathway; present in all organisms:
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch23_PT MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except A) The major physical
More informationHarvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration. Chapter 8
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Overview of Glucose Breakdown The overall equation for the complete breakdown of glucose is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP The
More informationCopyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twenty Three 1
23.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview When glucose enters a cell from the bloodstream, it is immediately converted to glucose 6- phosphate. Once this phosphate is formed, glucose is trapped within the cell
More informationChapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? A) Biotin participates in the decarboxylation.
More informationBioenergetics. Free Energy Change
Bioenergetics Energy is the capacity or ability to do work All organisms need a constant supply of energy for functions such as motion, transport across membrane barriers, synthesis of biomolecules, information
More informationAP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Cellular Respiration Outline
AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Cellular Respiration Outline I. How cells get energy. A. Cellular Respiration 1. Cellular respiration includes the various metabolic pathways that break down carbohydrates and other
More informationHow Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration
How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways Photoautotrophs make ATP during photosynthesis and use it to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates
More informationCopyright 2000-2003 Mark Brandt, Ph.D. 54
Pyruvate Oxidation Overview of pyruvate metabolism Pyruvate can be produced in a variety of ways. It is an end product of glycolysis, and can be derived from lactate taken up from the environment (or,
More informationChapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle
Chapter 16 The Citric Acid Cycle Multiple Choice Questions 1. Production of acetyl-coa (activated acetate) Page: 603 Difficulty: 2 Ans: A Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by
More informationChapter 7 Active Reading Guide Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 7 Active Reading Guide Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take a second
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
More informationWhat affects an enzyme s activity? General environmental factors, such as temperature and ph. Chemicals that specifically influence the enzyme.
CH s 8-9 Respiration & Metabolism Metabolism A catalyst is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. An enzyme is a catalytic protein. Hydrolysis of sucrose by
More informationChapter 7 Cellular Respiration
Phases of aerobic cellular respiration 1. Glycolysis 2. Transition or Acetyl-CoA reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport system Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration These phases are nothing more than metabolic
More informationSOME Important Points About Cellular Energetics by Dr. Ty C.M. Hoffman
SOME Important Points About Cellular Energetics by Dr. Ty C.M. Hoffman An Introduction to Metabolism Most biochemical processes occur as biochemical pathways, each individual reaction of which is catalyzed
More informationCitric Acid Cycle. Cycle Overview. Metabolic Sources of Acetyl-Coenzyme A. Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle. Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle Cycle Overview Metabolic Sources of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle The Amphibolic Nature of the Citric Acid Cycle Cycle Overview
More informationRegulation of the Citric Acid Cycle
Regulation of the itric Acid ycle I. hanges in Free Energy February 17, 2003 Bryant Miles kj/mol 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 Reaction DGo' DG TA Free Energy hanges 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.) itrate Synthase 2.) Aconitase
More informationThe Citric Acid Cycle
The itric Acid ycle February 14, 2003 Bryant Miles I. itrate Synthase + 3 SoA The first reaction of the citric acid cycle is the condensation of acetyloa and oxaloacetate to form citrate and oas. The enzyme
More informationHow To Understand The Chemistry Of An Enzyme
Chapt. 8 Enzymes as catalysts Ch. 8 Enzymes as catalysts Student Learning Outcomes: Explain general features of enzymes as catalysts: Substrate -> Product Describe nature of catalytic sites general mechanisms
More informationglycolysis is the major metabolic route responsible for the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
Note Set 11 1 GLYCOLYSIS (also known as: EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY) Topics include: main reactions leading to the formation of pyruvate control mechanisms terminal reactions for the regeneration of NAD
More informationBiology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps):
Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): 1) How many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule used in fermentation?
More informationRESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES. Bio 171 Week 6
RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Bio 171 Week 6 Procedure Label test tubes well, including group name 1) Add solutions listed to small test tubes 2) For
More informationSummary of Metabolism. Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Summary of Metabolism Mechanism of Enzyme Action 1. The substrate contacts the active site 2. The enzyme-substrate complex is formed. 3. The substrate molecule is altered (atoms are rearranged, or the
More informationThe Aerobic Fate of Pyruvate
The Aerobic Fate of yruvate February 12, 2003 Bryant Miles I could tell that some of you were not impressed by the mere 2 ATs produced per glucose by glycolysis. The 2 AT s produced are only a small fraction
More information1. Enzymes. Biochemical Reactions. Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism. 1. Enzymes. 2. ATP Production. 3. Autotrophic Processes
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism 1. Enzymes 2. ATP Production 3. Autotrophic Processes 1. Enzymes Biochemical Reactions All living cells depend on biochemical reactions to maintain homeostasis. All of the
More informationAP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration
AP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which
More informationEnergy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism)
Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need
More informationAnabolic and Catabolic Reactions are Linked by ATP in Living Organisms
Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism Microbial Metabolism Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur within a living a living organism. These chemical reactions are generally of two types: Catabolic:
More informationMetabolism Lecture 7 METABOLIC_REGULATION Restricted for students enrolled in MCB102, UC Berkeley, Spring 2008 ONLY
Bryan Krantz: University of California, Berkeley MCB 102, Spring 2008, Metabolism Lecture 7 Reading: Ch. 15 of Principles of Biochemistry, Principles of Metabolic Regulation, Illustrated with Glucose and
More informationChapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Chapter 14- RESPIRATION IN PLANTS Living cells require a continuous supply of energy for maintaining various life activities. This energy is obtained by oxidizing the organic compounds (carbohydrates,
More informationCELLULAR RESPIRATION. Chapter 19 & 20. Biochemistry by Campbell and Farell (7 th Edition) By Prof M A Mogale
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Chapter 19 & 20 Biochemistry by Campbell and Farell (7 th Edition) By Prof M A Mogale 1. Cellular respiration (energy capture) The enzymatic breakdown of food stuffs in the presence
More informationPhotosynthesis takes place in three stages:
Photosynthesis takes place in three stages: Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions The Calvin cycle 1. Capturing energy from sunlight 2. Using energy to make ATP and NADPH 3. Using ATP and
More informationBCOR 011 Exam 2, 2004
BCOR 011 Exam 2, 2004 Name: Section: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, A. the universe
More informationCellular Respiration & Metabolism. Metabolism. Coupled Reactions: Bioenergetics. Cellular Respiration: ATP is the cell s rechargable battery
Cellular Respiration & Metabolism Metabolic Pathways: a summary Metabolism Bioenergetics Flow of energy in living systems obeys: 1 st law of thermodynamics: Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be
More informationThe correct answer is d C. Answer c is incorrect. Reliance on the energy produced by others is a characteristic of heterotrophs.
1. An autotroph is an organism that a. extracts energy from organic sources b. converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy c. relies on the energy produced by other organisms as an energy source
More informationCellular Respiration An Overview
Why? Cellular Respiration An Overview What are the phases of cellular respiration? All cells need energy all the time, and their primary source of energy is ATP. The methods cells use to make ATP vary
More informationThe diagram below summarizes the effects of the compounds that cells use to regulate their own metabolism.
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism Intracellular metabolic regulators Each of the control point steps in the carbohydrate metabolic pathways in effect regulates itself by responding to molecules that
More informationPRACTICE SET 1. Free energy changes and equilibrium constants
PRACTICE SET 1 Free energy changes and equilibrium constants 1. Calculate the standard free-energy changes of the following metabolically important enzyme-catalyzed reactions at 25 C and ph 7.0 from the
More information1. A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy? a. Kinetic energy b. Potential energy c. Mechanical energy d.
1. A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy? a. Kinetic energy b. Potential energy c. Mechanical energy d. Solar energy A. Answer a is incorrect. Kinetic energy is the energy of
More informationEnergy & Enzymes. Life requires energy for maintenance of order, growth, and reproduction. The energy living things use is chemical energy.
Energy & Enzymes Life requires energy for maintenance of order, growth, and reproduction. The energy living things use is chemical energy. 1 Energy exists in two forms - potential and kinetic. Potential
More information1. Explain the difference between fermentation and cellular respiration.
: Harvesting Chemical Energy Name Period Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take a second to look at the big picture. Photosynthesis and cellular
More information008 Chapter 8. Student:
008 Chapter 8 Student: 1. Some bacteria are strict aerobes and others are strict anaerobes. Some bacteria, however, are facultative anaerobes and can live with or without oxygen. If given the choice of
More informationIntegration of Metabolism
I. Central Themes of Metabolism 1. ATP is the universal energy carrier. Integration of Metabolism Bryant Miles 2. ATP is generated by the oxidation of metabolic fuels Glucose Fatty Acids Amino Acids 3.
More informationMicrobial Metabolism. Biochemical diversity
Microbial Metabolism Biochemical diversity Metabolism Define Requirements Energy Enzymes Rate Limiting step Reaction time Types Anabolic Endergonic Dehydration Catabolic Exergonic Hydrolytic Metabolism
More informationCHAPTER 15: ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 15: ANSWERS T SELECTED PRBLEMS SAMPLE PRBLEMS ( Try it yourself ) 15.1 ur bodies can carry out the second reaction, because it requires less energy than we get from breaking down a molecule of
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Most components of energy conversion systems evolved very early; thus, the most fundamental aspects of energy metabolism tend to be: A. quite different among a diverse group
More informationProblem Set 2 (multiple choice) Biochemistry 3300
1. What classes of reactions do Lyases catalyse? a) Bond formation coupled with ATP hydrolysis b) Isomerizations c) Group elimination to form double bonds d) Transfer of functional groups e) Hydrolysis
More informationRegulation of enzyme activity
1 Regulation of enzyme activity Regulation of enzyme activity is important to coordinate the different metabolic processes. It is also important for homeostasis i.e. to maintain the internal environment
More informationcarbon-carbon bond formation dehydration hydration decarboxylation oxidation reduction substrate level phosphorylation isomerization
1. A. Name each enzyme present in the citric acid cycle and specify which of the following describes the reaction that is catalyzed when the cycle functions in the physiological direction: carbon-carbon
More informationI N V E S T I C E D O R O Z V O J E V Z D Ě L Á V Á N Í ENZYMES
= substances that... biological reactions 1. Provide an alternative reaction route which has a lower... energy 2. Reactions catalysed by enzymes occur under mild conditions + good yield + fast 3. Enzymes
More informationIntroduction to Metabolism
Introduction to Metabolism If the ΔG' of the reaction A B is 40 kj/mol, under standard conditions the reaction: A) is at equilibrium. B) will never reach equilibrium. C) will not occur spontaneously. D)
More informationCarbohydrate Metabolism
A T E R 8 arbohydrate Metabolism UTLINE METABLISM AND JET ENGINES 8.1 GLYLYSIS The Reactions of the Glycolytic athway The Fates of yruvate The Energetics of Glycolysis Regulation of Glycolysis 8.2 GLUNEGENESIS
More informationCellular Respiration Worksheet 1. 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.
Cellular Respiration Worksheet 1 1. What are the 3 phases of the cellular respiration process? Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain. 2. Where in the cell does the glycolysis part of cellular
More informationCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Two Forms of Energy
Module 2D - Energy and Metabolism Objective # 19 All living organisms require energy for survival. In this module we will examine some general principles about chemical reactions and energy usage within
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
AP bio fall 2014 final exam prep Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, a. the energy of a system
More informationChapter 8: Energy and Metabolism
Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism 1. Discuss energy conversions and the 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Be sure to use the terms work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and entropy. 2. What are Joules
More informationChapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Name Period Concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 1. Define metabolism. The totality of an organism
More informationChapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration
1 of 5 11/9/2011 8:11 PM Name: Hour: Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration Energy in General 1. Differentiate an autotroph from a hetertroph as it relates to obtaining energy and the processes
More informationPhotosynthesis (CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 )
The vital role of A This is the energy-rich compound that is the source of energy for all living things. It is a nucleotide, comprising a 5C sugar (ribose); an organic base (adenosine); and 3 phosphate
More informationTodays Outline. Metabolism. Why do cells need energy? How do cells acquire energy? Metabolism. Concepts & Processes. The cells capacity to:
and Work Metabolic Pathways Enzymes Features Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Membrane Transport Diffusion Osmosis Passive Transport Active Transport Bulk Transport Todays Outline -Releasing Pathways
More informationLactic Acid Dehydrogenase
Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase Pyruvic Acid Dehydrogenase Complex Pyruvate to ACETYL coa CC CoA + CO 2 Mitochondria 3 carbon Pyruvate to 2 carbon ACETYL Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyl CoA + CO 2 + NADH + H + CO2
More informationFigure 5. Energy of activation with and without an enzyme.
Biology 20 Laboratory ENZYMES & CELLULAR RESPIRATION OBJECTIVE To be able to list the general characteristics of enzymes. To study the effects of enzymes on the rate of chemical reactions. To demonstrate
More informationCITRIC ACID (KREB S, TCA) CYCLE
ITRI AID (KREB S, TA) YLE Date: September 2, 2005 * Time: 10:40 am 11:30 am * Room: G202 Biomolecular Building Lecturer: Steve haney 515A Mary Ellen Jones Building stephen_chaney@med.unc.edu 9663286 *Please
More information-Loss of energy -Loss of hydrogen from carbons. -Gain of energy -Gain of hydrogen to carbons
Cellular Respiration- Equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 +6H20 and energy -The energy is released from the chemical bonds in the complex organic molecules -The catabolic process of releasing energy from food
More informationEnzymes and Metabolism
Enzymes and Metabolism Enzymes and Metabolism Metabolism: Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions Chemical Reactions: Activation Every chemical reaction involves bond breaking and bond forming A chemical reaction
More informationCopyright 2000-2003 Mark Brandt, Ph.D. 59
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Background (why are eight enzymes necessary?) In principle, acetyl-coa could be converted to carbon dioxide very simply. However, doing so has three potential problems: 1)
More informationChapter 9 Mitochondrial Structure and Function
Chapter 9 Mitochondrial Structure and Function 1 2 3 Structure and function Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP Synthesis Peroxisome Overview 2 Mitochondria have characteristic morphologies despite variable
More informationEvolution of Metabolism. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction. How Cells Harvest Energy. Chapter 7 & 8
How ells Harvest Energy hapter 7 & 8 Evolution of Metabolism A hypothetical timeline for the evolution of metabolism - all in prokaryotic cells!: 1. ability to store chemical energy in ATP 2. evolution
More informationPhotosynthesis and Sucrose Production
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production 2 Starch and sucrose, key substrates for the development of dental caries, are exclusively synthesized by plants. They are made in plant leaves by a process called
More informationWork and Energy in Muscles
Work and Energy in Muscles Why can't I sprint forever? I'll start this section with that silly question. What lies behind the undisputable observation that we must reduce speed if we want to run longer
More informationRespiration Worksheet. Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food. Types of Respiration. Aerobic Respiration
Respiration Worksheet Respiration is the controlled release of energy from food The food involved in respiration is usually Internal respiration is controlled by which allow energy to be released in The
More informationPHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
reflect Wind turbines shown in the photo on the right are large structures with blades that move in response to air movement. When the wind blows, the blades rotate. This motion generates energy that is
More informationElectron Transport System. May 16, 2014 Hagop Atamian hatamian@ucdavis.edu
Electron Transport System May 16, 2014 Hagop Atamian hatamian@ucdavis.edu What did We learn so far? Glucose is converted to pyruvate in glycolysis. The process generates two ATPs. Pyruvate is taken into
More informationATP accounting so far ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & CHEMIOSMOSIS. The Essence of ETC: The Electron Transport Chain O 2
accounting so far The final stage of cellular respiration: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & CHEMIOSMOSIS Glycolysis 2 Kreb s cycle 2 Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4! There
More informationUnsaturated and Odd-Chain Fatty Acid Catabolism
Unsaturated and dd-hain Fatty Acid atabolism March 24, 2003 Bryant Miles The complete oxidation of saturated fatty acids containing an even number of carbon atoms is accomplished by the β-oxidation pathway.
More information* Is chemical energy potential or kinetic energy? The position of what is storing energy?
Biology 1406 Exam 2 - Metabolism Chs. 5, 6 and 7 energy - capacity to do work 5.10 kinetic energy - energy of motion : light, electrical, thermal, mechanical potential energy - energy of position or stored
More informationAP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP BIOLOGY 2015 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 2 Figure 1. Glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation Figure 2. Krebs cycle Figure 3. Electron transport chain Cellular respiration includes the metabolic pathways of
More informationPRACTICE SET 6. A. Questions on Lipid Metabolism and Glyoxylate Cycle
PRATIE SET 6 A. Questions on Lipid Metabolism and Glyoxylate ycle 1. The hydroxy acid given below can be completely oxidized to acetyl-oa by betaoxidation. Write the series of individual reactions that
More informationChemistry 20 Chapters 15 Enzymes
Chemistry 20 Chapters 15 Enzymes Enzymes: as a catalyst, an enzyme increases the rate of a reaction by changing the way a reaction takes place, but is itself not changed at the end of the reaction. An
More informationChem 306 Chapter 21 Bioenergetics Lecture Outline III
Chem 306 Chapter 21 Bioenergetics Lecture Outline III I. HOW IS ATP GENERATED IN THE FINAL STAGE CATABOLISM? A. OVERVIEW 1. At the end of the citric acid cycle, all six carbons of glucose have been oxidized
More information- Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.2, p. 90 / 4th: 6.1] - lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood brings oxygen to the cells.
Cellular respiration - how cells make energy - Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.2, p. 90 / 4th: 6.1] - ATP - this is provided by the lungs - lungs provide oxygen to blood, blood
More informationEnzymes. Enzyme Structure. Enzyme Classification. CHEM464/Medh, J.D. Reaction Rate and Enzyme Activity
Enzymes Enzymes are biological catalysts They are not consumed or altered during the reaction They do not change the equilibrium, just reduce the time required to reach equilibrium. They increase the rate
More informationMethods of Grading S/N Style of grading Percentage Score 1 Attendance, class work and assignment 10 2 Test 20 3 Examination 70 Total 100
COURSE: MIB 303 Microbial Physiology and Metabolism (3 Units- Compulsory) Course Duration: Three hours per week for 15 weeks (45 hours). Lecturer: Jimoh, S.O. B.Sc., M.Sc, Ph.D Microbiology (ABU, Zaria)
More informationCellular Respiration and Fermentation. How cells produce ATP when oxygen is present 9.1. looking closer at. Pyruvate oxidation 9.3
Unit 2 ell Structure and Function 9 ellular Respiration and Fermentation This hydroelectric dam on the Duero, a river between Spain and Portugal, uses pumps to move water from the lower reservoir to the
More informationEnzymes and Metabolic Pathways
Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways Enzyme characteristics Made of protein Catalysts: reactions occur 1,000,000 times faster with enzymes Not part of reaction Not changed or affected by reaction Used over and
More informationBiology for Science Majors
Biology for Science Majors Lab 10 AP BIOLOGY Concepts covered Respirometers Metabolism Glycolysis Respiration Anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration Fermentation Lab 5: Cellular Respiration ATP is the energy
More information1. The diagram below represents a biological process
1. The diagram below represents a biological process 5. The chart below indicates the elements contained in four different molecules and the number of atoms of each element in those molecules. Which set
More informationIs ATP worth the investment?
Is ATP worth the investment? ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) can be thought of as the currency of the cell. Most cellular metabolic processes cost a certain amount of ATP in order to happen. Furthermore,
More informationChapter 9 Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
More informationAgent Based Modelling and Simulation in Systems Biology: Mo
Agent Based Modelling and Simulation in Systems Biology: Mobile Aspects Emanuela Merelli Università di Camerino Reykjavik University - 18 September 2007 Plan Computational Systems Biology Strength and
More informationWhat are the similarities between this equation for burning glucose and the equation for cellular respiration of glucose when oxygen is available?
Cellular Respiration in Yeast Adapted from Alcoholic Fermentation in Yeast Investigation in the School District of Philadelphia Biology Core Curriculum 2009 by Dr. Jennifer Doherty and Dr. Ingrid Waldron,
More informationInhibitors & Uncouplers
Inhibitors & Uncouplers February 24, 2003 Bryant Miles The electron transport chain was determined by studying the effects of particular inhibitors. 2 3 3 Rotenone 3 Rotenone is a common insecticide that
More informationCELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT
CELL/ PHOTOSYNTHESIS/ CELLULAR RESPIRATION Test 2011 ANSWER 250 POINTS ANY WAY IN WHICH YOU WANT Completion: complete each statement. (1 point each) 1. All cells arise from. 2. The basic unit of structure
More information8/20/2012 H C OH H R. Proteins
Proteins Rubisco monomer = amino acids 20 different amino acids polymer = polypeptide protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together large & complex 3-D shape hemoglobin Amino acids
More information> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2
Photosynthesis- is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy. This chemical energy is usually a carbohydrate. Only photoautrotrops can do photosynthesis. Heterotrophs must obtain their
More informationThermodynamics of glycolysis. Chemistry 433. The role of enzymes. Phosphorylation of glucose. Question. Question
hemistry 433 Lecture 15 pplications of Free Energy N State University hermodynamics of glycolysis Reaction kj/mol D-glucose P D-glucose-6-phosphate DP Δ o = -16.7 D-glucose-6-phosphate D-fructose-6-phosphate
More informationChapter 19a Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation. Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 19a Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation Multiple Choice Questions 1. Electron-transfer reactions in mitochondria Page: 707 Difficulty: 1 Ans: E Almost all of the oxygen (O 2 ) one
More informationMetabolic Fate of Glucose. Metabolic Fate of Fatty Acids
Metabolic Fate of Glucose Each class of biomolecule has alternative fates depending on the metabolic state of the body. Glucose: The intracellular form of glucose is glucose-6- phosphate. Only liver cells
More information