How Much Water Is in the Air?
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1 Relative Humidity Relative Humidity How Much Water Is in the Air? S pill a small amount of water onto a hard surface (spreading some with a sponge onto the chalkboard works well) or pour it into a shallow container. Notice how rapidly it evaporates. Discuss the fate of the water with the students where did it go? Water commonly exists in three forms solid (ice), liquid, and gas (vapor). When it transforms from one stage to another, it undergoes a physical change. The water molecules in our example changed to a gaseous state by evaporating. The opposite change from gas to liquid is called condensation. At different times, atmospheric conditions can cause quicker or slower evaporation of water. Meteorologists can use a device called a hygrometer to measure evaporation rates and the resulting value is called relative humidity. Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage ratio what is the current evaporation rate compared to the maximum, or saturation, rate for the current temperature? Stated more simply, how much water is in the air? At 100% relative humidity, an equal amount of water condenses as evaporates. The air is in effect full of water, so when more water evaporates, an equal amount condenses. Think about a night when fog or mist is in the air. Conversely, as relative humidity values become lower, there is a greater difference between evaporation and condensation. The air has a high capacity to accept evaporated water without having any condense. Think of a very dry day in the desert when water dries up quickly. By recording and comparing the difference between the temperature of a thermometer with a dry bulb and one with a wet bulb, students can measure relative humidity. To begin, have each team set up two thermometers. They should wrap the bulb of one with a cloth or paper towel dipped in room temperature water. This one is the wet bulb thermometer. The other will simply measure air temperature, so it will be the dry bulb thermometer. Have students record the temperatures for a twenty-minute period or until the wet bulb temperature becomes Materials per Team two thermometers pieces of cloth or paper towels water string (optional) wet and dry bulb
2 steady. They should graph both temperatures on the same pad using different colors. The wet bulb temperature will be lower because the evaporating water creates a cooling mechanism. Technically, the water s change in state requires energy, which it removes from the air in the form of heat energy. A large difference between temperatures means lots of evaporation is occurring around the wet bulb, lowering its temperature. More water is evaporating than condensing. The relative humidity is low so the air has lots of capacity to accept water vapor. If the difference between the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures is small, little evaporation is occurring and relative humidity is high. The air s capacity for water vapor is small. There is no room for newly evaporating water unless some vapor that is already in the air condenses. Use the chart on the next page to help students convert the temperature data to relative humidity.
3 Relative Humidity Wet and Dry Bulb Table To determine relative humidity, find the dry bulb temperature on the left and the difference between that and the wet bulb temperature on the top. Where the row and column meet, read the relative humidity as a percentage. Difference between Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperature Dry Bulb Temperature All temperatures are shown in degrees Celsius.
4 R E A D I N G: It s Not the Heat, It s the Humidity H ave you ever heard an uncomfortable person say, It s not the heat, it s the humidity? They are suffering not only because the temperature is high but also because the air is damp. Maybe you ve heard another weather cliché It s hot, but it s a dry heat. That saying downplays the discomfort one feels in high temperatures in dry climates. When the air is dry, heat is not so oppressive. What do these expressions mean, and are they true? Water is present in air as a vapor. We see water condense from the air when drops appear on cooling surfaces. For example, a glass holding a cold drink will get wet on the outside. Dew forms on low-growing plants and other surfaces when the temperature drops at night and reaches the dew point. These examples also tell us that warm air can hold more water than cool air. In 1783, Horace de Saussure ( ) used a human hair to tell if the amount of water in the air was high or low. As many people notice when they complain about a bad hair day, the length of a hair varies according to humidity. Saussure s invention and other devices that measure water vapor content are called hygrometers. Some hygrometers compare temperature data from wet and dry thermometers. With that information, you could then read a chart telling relative humidity for each difference. If the air were saturated, or full of water vapor, it would be holding as much vapor as possible at that particular temperature. Any new water evaporating makes vapor already in the air condense, or become liquid. Think about a foggy night when the air feels wet. Relative humidity measures the percentage of the maximum water vapor the air is currently holding. If you can safely get near a heater that is blowing warmed air (a heat vent in a room or the outlet of a clothes dryer will work), try this experiment. Hold your hand in the path of the heated air and notice how warm it feels. Then wet your hand with room temperature or warm water. Place your hand in front of the heater again. How does the air feel now?
5 Relative Humidity Even though the water on your hand is warm and the air hitting your hand is also warm, you feel a cooling from the heater s air flow. That s because the water on your hand is evaporating and that requires energy. Your hand is cooled. You can measure relative humidity using two thermometers. If you keep the bulb of one thermometer wet and one dry, their temperatures will differ. Some of the water around the bulb of the wet thermometer will evaporate. Measure the two temperatures and plot them on a chart. The greater the difference between the two temperatures, the lower the relative humidity. Can you explain why? The wet bulb temperature will be lower because the evaporating water creates a cooling mechanism. The water s change in state from liquid to gas requires energy, which it removes from the air in the form of heat energy. As the heat is absorbed by the evaporating water, the temperature around the wet bulb drops. A large difference between temperatures means lots of evaporation is occurring around the wet bulb. The relative humidity is low so the air has lots of capacity to accept water vapor. A small difference between the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures means little evaporation is occurring and relative humidity is high. The air s capacity for water vapor is small. There is no room for newly evaporating water unless some vapor already in the air condenses. Let s return to our two weather sayings. When someone says, It s not the heat, it s the humidity, they are probably sweaty and sticky. Perspiration is the body s way of cooling itself. Water evaporates from our skin, using heat energy to change from liquid to vapor. The process of cooling is happening in the same way the blowing heater cools a hand in the example described earlier. But on a humid day, the air is closer to saturation, and perspiration evaporates slowly. Cooling does not occur. In a dry climate, water evaporates quickly, so if we perspire, the water evaporates quickly and we feel more comfortable. That means a dry heat is more comfortable than a humid heat. However, some climates are dry but so hot that people still feel uncomfortable. After all, an oven is a dry heat, too!
6 Vocabulary Words condense... to become liquid from vapor dew... water that condenses on cooler surfaces perspiration... salty liquid released through the skin; sweat relative humidity... amount of water vapor in the air, described as a percentage of the maximum amount of vapor the air can hold saturated... unable to hold any more; completely full vapor... gas Horace de Saussure dew point TOPICS FOR FURTHER STUDY relative humidity for a variety of cities hygrometers
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