mountains, mountain building, & growth of continents!
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1 mountains, mountain building, & growth of continents!
2 mountain belts! are chains of mountains 1,000 s of km s long! sit at or near edges of continents! form from tectonic or volcanic processes! "over millions of years--geosphere! erode as they grow higher and steeper--hydrosphere! cause precipitation as air rises above them--atmosphere!
3 mountain belts! are very long! compared to! their width! North American! Cordillera! extends from! Alaska! to! Panama!
4 mountain belts! height is related to age:! old mountains (100 s of millions of years) (Appalachians)! have lower elevations (due to erosion)! than young mountains (a few million years) (Himalayas)!
5 ancient mountain belts! eroded flat:! form stable, interior of continents: craton! "-- oldest parts are shields -- e.g. Canadian shield!
6 mountain belts! thick sequences of folded and faulted rocks! --typically marine (formed in ocean) sedimentary rocks! metamorphic rocks locally common!
7 mountain belts! fold and thrust belts! --crust shortened and thickened! "(remember: thrust faults indicate shortening)! common at convergent boundaries (compression)!
8 mountain belts! fold-thrust mountains! Himalayas, Alps, Urals, northern and Canadian Rockies! green arrow shows Lewis Thrust, Glacier National Park!
9 evolution of mountain belts! accumulation stage! rocks (sedimentary) that will! later be uplifted, faulted, and! folded into mountains are! deposited in opening ocean! (sea floor spreading)! orogenic stage! mountain building episode! from plate convergence! (provides compression necessary for thrusting)!
10 Mt. Everest! Himalayan foothills! Swiss Alps!
11 evolution of mountain belts! when mountains get very tall (e.g. Himalayas),! gravitational collapse and spreading may occur! --normal faulting and extension/thinning of crust! --uplift of metamorphic rocks from depth as crust thins and spreads!
12 evolution of mountain belts! after convergence stops, erosion and uplift occur! --isostatic adjustment--! to thin continental root!
13 evolution of mountain belts! uplifting crust spreads and results in tension (extension)! that produces normal faulting and creates! fault-block mountains! (horsts and grabens from normal faulting)!
14 evolution of mountain belts! fault-block mountains! Basin and Range, western US! topography!
15 Basin and Range!
16 evolution of Basin and Range! crustal extension dominates today! --accompanied by high heat flow--! older period of thrusting and! formation of mountains when! continental root developed! uplift and erosion yield extension! but must explain high heat flow! delamination of mantle?! mantle lithosphere detaches! and sinks into asthenosphere! warm asthenosphere! fills space and results in! stretching of crust!
17 modern Basin and Range! extension at surface; upwelling asthenosphere at depth!
18 continents grow as! mountain belts evolve at! active continental margins! igneous activity adds! new crust! sedimentary rocks! originally deposited! in ocean! are uplifted, folded,! and faulted to! form new terranes! that are accreted! or added to! continent along its edge! accreted terranes in! western US!
19 continental growth! continents decrease in age toward their margins!
20 growth of continents: US example! geologic map of the United States! on-going subduction! (Cascadia)! transform! boundary! (San Andreas)! Paleozoic! to Recent! active! margin! Paleozoic to Recent! orogenic belts! from: Basin and Range! (rifting)! craton! Canadian shield! Paleozoic! orogenic belts! (Ouachitas, Marathons)! Paleozoic! orogenic belts! (Appalachians)! Mesozoic to! Recent! passive margin!
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