Japan Energy efficiency report

Transcription

1 Japan Energy efficiency report Objectives: 30% improvement in energy efficiency by 2030 Overview (% / year) Primary intensity (EU=100) % + CO 2 intensity (EU=100) % - CO 2 emissions per capita (in tco 2 / cap) % + Power generation (% / year) Efficiency of thermal power plants (in %) % - Rate of electricity T&D losses (in %) % -- CO 2 emissions per kwh generated (in gco 2 / kwh) % -- Industry 2009* * (% / year) Energy intensity (EU=100) % ++ Unit consumption of steel (in toe / t) % - *2008 and for steel; for CHP ++ Among best countries + Better than the EU average 1 - Below the EU average 1 -- Among countries with lowest performances Latest update: December The European Union, as the best-performing region, is used as the benchmark. 1 Japan Country reports Trends in global energy efficiency 2011

2 1. Overview 1.1. Policies: 30% energy efficiency improvement target for 2030 The energy efficiency policy is governed by the Energy Conservation Law (Rational Use of Energy Act), voted in 1979, which obliges manufacturers and importers to enhance the energy efficiency of their products. The government drafted the New National Energy Strategy to promote energy conservation measures in 2006; the strategy also presented the Energy Conservation Frontrunner Plan. The target set in the plan is to further improve energy efficiency by at least 30 percent by Energy efficiency standards for many electrical appliances and vehicles were created under the Top-Runner Program in 1999 and reinforced in It currently concerns 23 products. The first set of targets, fixed for the first period, has been achieved Energy consumption trends: similar consumption per capita as in EU Japan has a slightly higher level of energy consumption per capita than the European Union (10 percent higher). Total energy consumption has been decreasing since 2004 (-5 percent over the period ) and the economic crisis led to a fall in the total energy demand in 2009 (-10 percent). Oil is the country s main energy source. In 2009 it accounted for 43 percent of total consumption, showing a steady downward trend (58 percent in 1990 and 50 percent in 2000). The shares of gas (17 percent), coal (22 percent) and hydro and nuclear power (17 percent) are increasing slightly. Since 2003 the share of fossil fuel has increased significantly as a consequence of the shutdown of several nuclear power units. The share of industry in energy consumption is decreasing. In 2009, industry accounted for 29 percent of final energy consumption (39 percent including non-energy uses), the households, services and agriculture sector for 36 percent and the transport sector for 25 percent. Figure 2: Distribution of final energy consumption by sector 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Households - Services - Agriculture Transport Industry (including non energy uses) Electricity consumption per capita reached 7,400 kwh in The growth of electricity consumption has greatly slowed down compared to the 1990s (2.4 percent / year between 1990 and 2000 and 1 percent / year between 2000 and 2007). Since 2007 electricity demand has been decreasing by about 4 percent / year due to the economic crisis. Industry absorbs 31 percent of consumption, followed by the service and household sectors (67 percent). Figure 3: Electricity consumption trends by sector 1200 Figure 1: Total and final energy consumption trends 1000 Industry Others TWh Mtoe Primary consumption Final consumption Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 Country reports Japan 2

3 Japan Energy efficiency report 1.3. Energy efficiency and CO 2 trends: consumption per GDP close to the EU average Primary energy intensity (total energy consumption per unit of GDP), measured at purchasing power parity, is close to the EU average. Between 1990 and 2009 primary energy intensity decreased at a slower pace than in the EU as a whole: 0.7 percent / year compared with 1.7 percent / year for the EU. However, since 2000 the reduction has been twice as fast as over the whole period. Final energy intensity (final energy consumption per unit of GDP) decreased almost twice as fast as primary energy intensity over the period This gap is due to the increasing share of low-efficiency energy sources in power generation (mainly coal and, to a lesser extent, nuclear power). CO 2 emissions per unit of GDP (CO 2 intensity) decreased more rapidly than primary energy intensity over the period due to substitutions of oil by natural gas and nuclear power (1.1 percent / year compared with 0.7 percent / year). Figure 4: Energy and CO 2 intensity trends %/year 0.0% -0.5% -1.0% -1.5% -2.0% the household sector and around 23 / kwh (US$0.25 / kwh) for professionals, and those rates are secured for a period of 10 years. They are available for surplus electricity production only and are supposed to be revised downward in the next few years. In addition, it has been proposed to expand the feed-in tariff scheme to electricity generated from hydropower stations, wind turbines and geothermal facilities Power generation trends by source: low share from renewables The shares of oil and nuclear in electricity production are falling (from 13 percent in 2000 to 8 percent in 2009, and from 31 percent in 2000 to 27 percent in 2009, respectively), to the benefit of gas (26 percent of production in 2009) and coal (28 percent of production), which is playing a growing role in thermal power generation. Carbon-free power generation, excluding nuclear, accounted for 11 percent of electricity production in 2009, with hydropower accounting for 8 percent of that amount. Figure 5: Power generation by source TWh Other* Wind Hydro Nuclear Gas Oil Coal-Lignite -2.5% -3.0% Primary energy intensity Final energy intensity CO 2 intensity *Including biomass, geothermal and solar 2. Power generation 2.1. Policies: 10% of renewables by 2020 Until 2010, there was a policy on electricity production from renewables with quotas. Now the development of renewable energy is driven by the general target set out in the Basic Act on Global Warming Countermeasures, ie, 10 percent of renewables in primary energy consumption by Under the Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) introduced in 2003, the government fixed quotas obliging electricity producers to produce 3 percent of the energy demand from renewables by At the end of 2009 Japan had a photovoltaic capacity of 2,627 MW and ranked third in the world, after Germany and Spain. New feed-in tariffs for solar photovoltaic electricity (2009) are between / kwh (US$ / kwh) for 2.3. Efficiency of the power sector: slight increase thanks to gas The efficiency of the power sector has increased slightly since 1994, reaching 42 percent in This improvement is due to a switch in the power generation mix to natural gas and to the rise in gas combined cycles. The efficiency of thermal power plants has improved (+2 percent) and in 2009 stood at 44 percent. In 2009, combined cycles accounted for more than 18 percent of the country s total thermal capacity. 3 Japan Country reports Trends in global energy efficiency 2011

4 Figure 6: Efficiency of power generation and thermal power plants Figure 8: Electric T&D losses Total power generation 5.5 % 38 Thermal power plants % Figure 7: Thermal electricity capacity, by technology GW 200 Steam Gas turbines Combined cycles Since 1998, the average CO 2 emission factor for power generation has increased dramatically and exceeded the 1990 level. It reached 440 gco 2 / kwh in The trend seen since 1998 is explained by the increasing use of coal and gas for power generation, and the correlative decline in the share of nuclear power capacity. However, CO 2 emissions decreased by about 13 percent between 1990 and 1998 thanks to the spread of nuclear power (from 24 percent to 33 percent of total power generation). Figure 9: CO 2 emission factor for power generation The Japanese grid shows a low, steady rate of T&D losses of around 5 percent of the distributed volumes, which is below the average of OECD countries. gco 2 / kwh Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 Country reports Japan 4

5 Japan Energy efficiency report 3. Industry 3.1. Policies: market-based instruments combined with voluntary agreements Since the mid-1970s, various financial and fiscal incentives have been put in place to encourage energy conservation and efficiency in industry. Furthermore, a tax incentive scheme (Tax Scheme for Promoting Investment in the Reform of the Energy Demand-Supply Structure) was introduced for businesses investing in specified energy conservation and efficient equipment, providing a special depreciation rate of 30 percent of the acquisition cost. For small businesses, the special depreciation rate is coupled with a 7 percent tax deduction off the acquisition cost. Large industrial companies are obliged to name an energy manager who is in charge of implementing an energy plan in the company. In the Revised Energy Conservation Act (2008), sectoral approaches have for the first time been introduced as a domestic regulatory measure. Sectoral benchmarks are being established for certain sub-sectors, initially in energy-intensive industries. Indicators are established for companies to benchmark their energy efficiency level against others within the same sub-sector, and medium- and long-term targets are set (to be achieved around ). Low interest loans are available for the installation of cogeneration systems. This applies to equipment that generates over 50 kw of output and with over 60 percent efficiency in primary energy use. Voluntary agreements concerned more than 1,100 industrial companies, with different targets among sub-sectors Energy consumption trends: decrease in 2008 / 2009 due to crisis Energy consumption in industry decreased slightly between 1990 and 2007 (-4 percent), while the country s total energy consumption increased slightly (+15 percent). In 2008 and 2009, the global economic downturn caused a dramatic fall in the sector s energy consumption: in 2009 it was 31 percent lower than in Figure 10: Industrial energy consumption Mtoe Electricity consumption decreased at the same pace as energy consumption until 2007, and then dropped by 20 percent between 2007 and However, the share of electricity in industrial energy consumption has increased since 1990 and in 2009 reached 32 percent of the total (compared with 25 percent in 1990). The use of coal and lignite in industry was steady until 2005 (just above 40 percent of total energy consumption) but has recently decreased. Nevertheless, coal consumption remains high, at 34 percent of total energy consumption in Natural gas consumption in industry is low (only 9 percent of the total). The share of energy-intensive industries in the overall energy consumption of industry has increased since The steel industry s share of energy consumption in particular has increased steadily and now stands at 40 percent. The share of the chemical industry is steady (around 11 percent), as are the shares of the non-metallic minerals (cement, ceramics, etc.) and paper industries, which each account for 9 percent of total energy consumption. 5 Japan Country reports Trends in global energy efficiency 2011

6 Figure 11: Energy consumption of industry, by source Figure 13: Trends in the energy intensity of industrial branches 100% 1.0% 90% 80% 70% Biomass 0.5% 0.0% % 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Electricity Gas Oil Coal/Lignite %/year -0.5% -1.0% -1.5% -2.0% -2.5% -3.0% *Including construction and mining Total* Steel Chemical Cement** Paper **Non metallic minerals Figure 12: Energy consumption of industry, by branch 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Other Paper Non metallic minerals Chemical Steel 20% 10% 0% Energy intensity trends: rapid decrease, due to structural changes Over the period , the reduction in energy intensity (consumption per unit of industrial value added) was quite high (1.3 percent / year). It accelerated after 2000 (-3 percent / year on average). Energy efficiency improvements for the four energy-intensive industries were lower over the period (0.5 percent per year), which means that most of the reduction in the sector s energy intensity was due to structural changes in industrial activity, with a shift to less intensive industries: the share of machinery and other equipment in the total value added of manufacturing has doubled and is now over 60 percent. Copyright notices Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 is based on data and information provided by Enerdata and the Economist Intelligence Unit. The data and information is published with the consent of Enerdata and the Economist Intelligence Unit. All information or data provided by Enerdata, in any form, is the property of Enerdata and is protected in each country by national laws governing intellectual property. All information or data provided by Enerdata is copyright protected, inclusive of material appearing in a hard copy format or electronically. Data provided by Enerdata are based on compilation and analysis of the best sources in the industry. Enerdata has agreements with those providers to use and publish this data. All pictures Copyright ABB Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 Country reports Japan 6