Unit B1, B1.1. Keeping healthy (1) (Total 4 marks)
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1 Keeping healthy 1. The following are precautions taken when preparing a streak of bacteria on an agar jelly plate. Give a reason for each. (i) The inoculating loop is heated in a hot bunsen flame. REASON: (ii) (iii) (iv) The loop is allowed to cool before putting it into the bacterial culture. REASON: The lid of the petri dish is only partly opened. REASON: The petri dish is sealed with sticky tape. REASON: (Total 4 marks) Page 1 of 9
2 2. Obesity is a factor that affects Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). (a) What is meant by obesity? The graph shows how the percentages of obese men and women in the UK changed between 1994 and (i) Describe how the percentage of obese women changed between 1994 and (ii) The percentage of obese men changed between 1994 and Suggest two reasons for this change Page 2 of 9
3 (c) The chart below is published by the British Heart Foundation. It shows how death from CHD is related to a number of different factors. copyright National Heart Forum Each factor is represented by a circle. The bigger the circle, the more people are affected by the factor. (i) What is the main factor causing death from CHD? (ii) (iii) Estimate the percentage of deaths from CHD related to high blood pressure.... % The data are shown as overlapping circles instead of a bar chart. The percentages of deaths related to the different factors add up to more than 100%. What does this tell you about some of the people who died from CHD? (Total 8 marks) Page 3 of 9
4 3. Many people who are overweight try slimming programmes. A research study evaluated four different slimming programmes over 6 months. Scientists selected a group of 40 people for each slimming programme and a control group. Each of the five groups was matched for age, gender and mass. The graph shows the results of the study. (a) Adapted from British Medical Journal, 2006, volume 332, pages Give two control variables that were used in this study Give two conclusions that can be drawn from the results of this study Page 4 of 9
5 (c) The costs of the four programmes were: Atkins book cost 3 Rosemary Conley classes cost 140 for 6 months Weight Watchers classes cost 170 for 6 months Twice-daily Slim-Fast meal replacements cost 240 for 6 months. Use this information and the graph to answer this question. Which is the most cost effective of the four programmes? (d) Explain the reason for your answer. Some slimming programmes include daily exercise. Explain how daily exercise helps a person to lose mass. (Total 8 marks) 4. The MMR vaccine is used to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella. (a) Complete the sentences about vaccination. Vaccines stimulate white blood cells to produce.... This makes children... to the pathogen. Page 5 of 9
6 In the 1990s, many people thought that the MMR vaccine caused autism in some children. As a result, the Japanese government stopped using the MMR vaccine. The graph gives information about the percentage of children in Japan vaccinated with the MMR vaccine and the number of children who developed autism during the 1990s Percentage of children vaccinated with the MMR vaccine Number of children who developed autism per of population Year Key Percentage of children vaccinated with the MMR vaccine Number of children who developed autism per of population (i) Describe how the percentage of children vaccinated with the MMR vaccine changed between 1990 and Page 6 of 9
7 (ii) Does the data in the graph support a link between MMR vaccination and autism? Draw a ring around your answer. Yes / No Explain the reason for your answer. (Total 6 marks) 5. Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by a virus. The virus is found in body fluids such as blood, saliva and urine. Diagram 1 shows the structure of the virus in cross section. Diagram 1 (a) The human body has several natural defences against viruses. Some of these prevent viruses from entering the body. Others act once the viruses have entered. (i) Diagram 2 shows a white blood cell attacking a group of viruses. Complete diagram 2 by drawing the 2nd stage. (ii) Diagram 2 What type of chemical is released by some white blood cells to attack viruses? Page 7 of 9
8 Hepatitis B is more likely to be spread among people who share needles when they inject drugs. Use information given at the beginning of this question to explain why this is so. 6. Pathogenic bacteria and viruses may make us feel ill if they enter our bodies. (a) Why do bacteria and viruses make us feel ill? Bacteria... Viruses... (Total 4 marks) (c) Most drugs that kill bacteria cannot be used to treat viral infections. Explain why. Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are causing problems in most hospitals. Explain, as fully as you can, why there has been a large increase in the number of antibioticresistant strains of bacteria. (4) (Total 8 marks) Page 8 of 9
9 7. (a) In the UK immunisation of children against polio was started in Children are given the vaccine, often on a sugar lump, by mouth. The vaccine contains a non-virulent form of the polio virus. Explain as fully as you can how this vaccine prevents a child from getting polio. In some countries polio is still common. Give two advantages of continuing with a polio immunisation programme in the UK (6) (Total 8 marks) Page 9 of 9
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