Channel Adaptive CQI Reporting Schemes for UMTS High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
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1 Channel Adaptive CQI Reporting Schemes for UMTS High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Soo-Yong Jeon and Dong-Ho Cho Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Guseong-dong Yuseong-gu Daejeon, Republic of Korea TEL: , FAX: and Abstract HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an evolved UMTS packet scheme that delivers increased user peak data rates and supports quality of service. A key technique supporting HSDPA is adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), in which the modulation scheme and the coding rate are changed adaptively according to the downlink channel quality reported by the user equipment (UE). Therefore, the channel quality indication (CQI) reporting scheme is directly related to the accuracy of AMC and the performance of HSDPA. In the current specification of HSDPA, each UE must periodically report to Node B the CQI. Hence, UE must report the same CQI value repeatedly when the channel quality is unchanged. Obviously, this is the waste of the UE s battery power. To solve this problem, we propose channel adaptive CQI reporting schemes in which UEs report the CQI value intelligently using information about channel quality. With the proposed schemes, the battery capacity of UEs can be conserved and the uplink interference can be lowered by filtering off redundant CQI reports or the transmission error rate can be lowered by fast CQI reports. I. INTRODUCTION HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA and it was specified in the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP). HSDPA is designed to reuse existing UMTS structure and functionality as much as possible and intended for low to medium user speed and it is well adapted to the urban environment and to indoor deployment. The main target of HSDPA is to increase user peak data rates and quality of service, to lower latency and to improve spectral efficiency for downlink asymmetrical and bursty packet data services such as internet access and file download. HSDPA offers theoretical peak data rates on the order of 10 Mbps over a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations include Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ) retransmission protocol, and fast packet scheduling. On the air interface, the resources (timeslot, code) are allocated to the UEs on a subframe basis and the transmission parameters such as modulation scheme, coding rate and power can be changed with every subframe. With the AMC technique, the modulation scheme and the coding rate are changed adaptively according to the channel quality indication (CQI) reports of UEs. So, exact channel quality estimation through a proper This research was supported in part by University IT Research Center Project. CQI reporting scheme and a channel quality prediction method are essential in AMC. In [1], the channel quality prediction method was proposed for the reliable adaptive modulation with limited channel quality feedbacks in a correlated fading channel. In the current specification of HSDPA, each UE must periodically report to Node B the CQI indicating the downlink channel quality. Since this periodic CQI reporting scheme does not consider packet scheduling algorithms and channel quality information, it has many drawbacks. In [2], an enhanced CQI reporting scheme considering a scheduling algorithm is proposed. This scheme can be used only when a proportional fair scheduling algorithm (PFA) is used as a packet scheduling algorithm. With this scheme, UEs which have lower proportional fairness priorities than a threshold do not report the CQI values, since they are less likely scheduled for transmission. However, with this CQI reporting scheme, UEs must report the same CQI value repeatedly when the channel condition is very stable. Obviously, this is the waste of the UE s battery power. To solve this problem, a new CQI reporting scheme was proposed in [3]. In this scheme, the UE reports the CQI value to the Node B only when the value difference between new measured channel quality and last reported one becomes larger than delta value which is a certain threshold decided by higher layer. With this scheme, the uplink signalling overhead is reduced efficiently and the UEs do not report the same CQI value repeatedly when the channel quality is unchanged. However, if the Node B receives the CQI value with error, it has incorrect channel quality information for a long time until it receives next CQI value. In this paper, we propose channel adaptive CQI reporting schemes motivated by the same idea as above scheme. Our schemes behave intelligently to prevent the Node B from keeping incorrect channel quality information for a long time by using a timer and an efficient CQI report timing criterion. Thus, with the proposed schemes, either the number of redundant CQI reports is decreased, maintaining the performance of a periodic CQI reporting scheme, or the accuracy of AMC is increased by reducing the probability of transmission error. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section II introduces the CQI reporting schemes in the 3GPP specification and section III explains the proposed CQI reporting schemes. In section IV, we describe the simulation environments and /06/$ IEEE
2 Fig. 1. Frame structure for uplink HS-DPCCH evaluate the performance of the proposed schemes. In section VI, we analyze the uplink interference and the last section concludes this paper. II. GPP-SPECIFIED CQI REPORTING SCHEMES In the specification Release 5 of HSDPA, a periodic CQI reporting scheme is included. The definition of the CQI and UE procedure for reporting CQI are described in [4]. According to the specification, each UE measures downlink channel quality and selects a suitable CQI value which indicates transport block size, number of High-speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) codes and modulation scheme. The selected CQI value must be such that the transport block error probability would not exceed 0.1 under the measured downlink channel condition. After the selection of suitable CQI values, the UE reports the selected CQI value to Node B at its own CQI report timing. The CQI report timing is determined by each UE s connection frame number (CFN) given by the radio link establishment procedure. The CQI value is transmitted by using High-speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH). Fig. 1 shows a frame structure of HS-DPCCH described in [5]. The CQI is carried in the second and third slot of a HS-DPCCH subframe. The CQI value consists of 5 bits and is coded using a (20,5) code, hence the field size of CQI value on HS-DPCCH is 20 bits. After receiving the CQI value from each UE, Node B selects a suitable modulation scheme, coding rate and number of codes for HS-PDSCH. In order to provide control information to each UE in time, Node B uses High-speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH). Each UE must monitor a maximum of four HS-SCCHs simultaneously. By monitoring HS-SCCHs, each UE is informed of the upcoming data transmission, and can prepare to receive data. In the specification [6], the report cycle of CQI is defined as 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 subframes, where the subframe length is 2ms. The report cycle of CQI is informed to each UE by higher-layer signalling. Clearly, the short report cycle of CQI gives better throughput performance than the long report cycle of CQI, since the short report cycle of CQI enables Node B to estimate the downlink channel condition precisely. However, the short report cycle of CQI results in a larger CQI report overhead and uplink interference than the long report cycle of CQI. Conversely, the longer is the report cycle of CQI, the smaller are the CQI overhead and uplink interference, but the throughput performance is poorer. In addition to the periodic CQI reporting scheme, an activity-based CQI reporting scheme and NACK-based CQI Fig. 2. Diagram illustrating (a) Activity-based CQI reporting scheme and (b) NACK-based CQI reporting scheme reporting scheme are proposed in [7][8]. In the activity-based CQI reporting scheme, additional CQI reports are sent with every ACK or NACK of HS-PDSCH data. In the NACK-based CQI reporting scheme, additional CQI reports are sent with every NACK of HS-PDSCH data. Fig. 2 shows a diagram that illustrates the activity-based and NACK-based CQI reporting schemes. Both schemes enable a more exact downlink channel estimation of Node B using the additional CQI reports. However, UEs with these schemes use more power than that with the periodic CQI reporting scheme due to the additional CQI reports. Also, both schemes still have a drawback that the UE must report the same CQI value repeatedly when the channel quality is unchanged. III. PROPOSED CQI REPORTING SCHEMES With the periodic, activity-based and NACK-based CQI reporting schemes, UEs must report the CQI value periodically, although the channel quality is unchanged and hence the current CQI value is the same as the last reported CQI value. Apparantly, reporting the same CQI value consecutively wastes the UE s battery power. To solve this problem and to allow effective scheduling and MCS selection for transmissions on the HS-PDSCH, while at the same time minimizing the uplink interference and battery consumption due to CQI transmissions, we propose two channel adaptive CQI reporting schemes (CAS1, CAS2). The proposed CQI reporting schemes are based on the Release 5 specifications. The specification related to the method of deriving an individual CQI value by the UE is not changed in the proposed CQI reporting schemes. The basic behavior of CAS1 and CAS2 is as follows. If the channel quality is unchanged, and hence the current CQI value is the same as the last reported CQI value, UEs do not report the CQI value although they are at their own periodic CQI report timing. They send the CQI value only when the current CQI value is different from the last reported value or the timer has expired. To prevent the Node B from keeping wrong CQI information of UEs for long, the timer is utilized.
3 each UE were assigned randomly with a uniform distribution within each cell. Every 5 seconds, the UEs either change their moving direction randomly with a probability of 0.3 or do not change with a probability of 0.7 [10]. The timer of CAS1, CAS2 was set to expire after 160 ms, which is the maximum CQI report interval of the periodic CQI reporting scheme. Fig. 4 shows the normalized transmission error ratio according to the various speeds of UE and the CQI report intervals of the periodic CQI reporting scheme. The normalized transmission error ratio is defined as the probability of transmission error with the proposed scheme divided by the probability of transmission error with the periodic CQI reporting scheme. Since CAS1 has no fast update of CQI information and we assume that HS-DPCCH is error free, the performance of CAS1 is the same as that of the periodic CQI reporting scheme with respect to the probability of transmission error. Therefore, Fig. 3. Diagram illustrating (a) CAS1 and (b) CAS2 TABLE I SIMULATION PARAMETERS The timer is initialized whenever the CQI value is sent by the UE. The timing of reporting the CQI value of CAS1 and CAS2 is different. In the CAS1, UEs wait until their own periodic CQI report timing and report the CQI value at that time, when the current CQI value is different from the last reported value or the timer has expired. So, with CAS1, battery capacity of UEs is conserved by preventing consecutive reports of the same CQI value, maintaining the performance of the periodic CQI reporting scheme. Fig. 3(a) shows a diagram that illustrates CAS1. In the CAS2, UEs report the CQI value immediately when the current CQI value is different from the last reported value or the timer has expired. So, with CAS2, more CQI reports may be sent than with the periodic CQI report scheme, if the channel quality changes quickly and hence the CQI value changes frequently. However, the CAS2 enables more exact downlink channel estimation of Node B by fast CQI information update. This fast CQI information update is very important to the Node B particularly during a data transmission, since when a data transmission is performed to a UE, it is likely that more transmissions will occur to the same UE in near future due to the bursty nature of data. Therefore, with the CAS2, the probability of transmission error is reduced. If the channel quality is stable, the battery power of UEs also can be conserved with CAS2. Fig. 3(b) shows a diagram that illustrates CAS2. IV. SIMULATION CONFIGURATION AND RESULTS The default simulation parameters are summarized in Table I. We consider 5 MCS levels shown in Table II and the link layer simulation is executed using the FER data in [9]. We assume that the power consumption of UEs transmitting the CQI value is 1.5 times greater than that of UEs that do not transmit the CQI value. At initialization, the number of UEs in each cell was 20, and the location and moving direction of Parameter Cellular layout Site to site distance Antenna pattern Propagation model Std. deviation of slow fading Fast fading Carrier frequency BS & UE antenna gain Explanation / Assumption Hexagonal 19 cells, no sector 2800 m Omni Proportional to 1/d 4, d in meters 8 db 1 path rayleigh 2.19 GHz 0dB # of UEs in each cell 20 (uniform distribution) # of codes for HS-PDSCH 15 MAX. number of retransmissions 4 HS-DPCCH/UL DPCCH power ratio HS-SCCH, HS-DPCCH transmission Channel estimation Roundtrip delay Delay between CQI measurement and time of availability for HS-DSCH Traffic model 0.5 (-3 db) Error free Ideal TABLE II MCS LEVELS 6 subframe (12ms) 3 subfame (6ms) Open-loop traffic model for HSDPA [11] in which the distribution of packet size is pareto with cut-off α=1.1, k=4.5kbytes and m=2mbytes MCS Modulation Coding rate Info bit rate level scheme R per code 5 16QAM 3/4 720 kbps 4 16QAM 1/2 480 kbps 3 QPSK 3/4 360 kbps 2 QPSK 1/2 240 kbps 1 QPSK 1/4 120 kbps
4 Dashed lines : CAS1 Solid lines : CAS Dashed lines : CAS1 Solid lines : CAS2 Normalized Transmission Error Ratio km/h 20 km/h 30 km/h km/h 50 km/h CQI Report Interval [ms] Normalized Consumed Battery Power Ratio km/h 20 km/h 30 km/h 40 km/h 50 km/h CQI Report Interval [ms] Fig. 4. Normalized transmission error ratio of CAS1 and CAS2 according to various UE speeds and CQI report intervals Fig. 5. Normalized consumed battery power ratio of CAS1 and CAS2 according to various UE speeds and CQI report intervals the normalized transmission error ratio of CAS1 is very close to 1 regardless of the UE speeds and the CQI report intervals. However, with CAS2, the probability of transmission error can be much smaller than that of the periodic CQI reporting scheme. According to the simulation results, with the CAS2, the probability of transmission error is reduced by up to 77% when the speeds of UE is 10km/h and the CQI report interval of the periodic CQI reporting scheme is 160ms. As the periodic CQI report interval is longer and the speed of UEs decreases, the fast update of CQI information has more effectiveness in enhancing the accuracy of AMC, and hence CAS2 performs better than the periodic CQI reporting scheme with respect to the probability of transmission error. Fig. 5 shows the normalized consumed battery power ratio according to the various speeds of UE and the CQI report intervals of the periodic CQI reporting scheme. The normalized consumed battery power ratio is defined as the consumed battery power of UEs with the proposed scheme divided by the consumed battery power of UEs with the periodic CQI reporting scheme. Since the redundant CQI reports of the periodic CQI scheme are filtered off with CAS1, the consumed battery power of UEs for CAS1 is always smaller than that for the periodic CQI reporting scheme. Hence, the normalized consumed battery power ratio of CAS1 is always less than 1. According to the simulation results, with the CAS1, the consumed battery power of UEs is reduced by up to 30% when the speeds of UE is 10km/h and the CQI report interval of the periodic CQI reporting scheme is 2ms. The normalized consumed battery power ratio of CAS2 is less than 1 when the UEs move slowly and the CQI report interval is short. In this case, with the CAS2, the battery power of UEs is conserved, reducing the probability of transmission error. However, if the speed of UEs increases and the CQI report interval is very long, the normalized consumed battery power ratio of CAS2 can be greater than 1, because the CQI value changes more frequently as the speed of UEs increases, and the number of CQI reports during one periodic CQI reporting interval increases as the periodic CQI report interval is longer. V. UPLINK INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS In the proposed schemes, UEs report the CQI value only when the current CQI value is different from the last reported value or the timer has expired. As a result, the redundant CQI reports of the periodic CQI scheme are filtered off, and hence the proposed schemes bring lower uplink interference than the periodic CQI reporting scheme. The uplink interference for CAS1 is always lower than that for the periodic CQI reporting scheme and the CAS2 also brings lower uplink interference when the UEs move slowly and the CQI report interval is short. For the uplink interference analysis, we assume a system model that is similar to that employed in [7][8]. The system model is summarized in Table III. In this system model, UEs in soft handover (SHO) area and them in non-sho area have different CQI report intervals. Under this system model, the E b /I o of uplink DPCCH can be approximately calculated as follows. E b E b R SF = I o E b R (N N (1) ) Here, R is data transmission rate, SF is spreading factor, N 1 represents the interference of uplink DPCCH and 0.5 N represents the interference of uplink HS-DPCCH. N is the average number of CQI reports that the Node B receives in one subframe, and it is calculated as follows in the periodic TABLE III SYSTEM MODEL FOR UPLINK INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS Number of UEs (N) 100 Percentage of UEs in soft handover (SHO) area 30% CQI report interval of UEs in SHO area (k1) HS-DPCCH/UL DPCCH power ratio Spreading factor of HS-DPCCH/UL DPCCH (SF) 256 Other cell interference 1 (2 ms) 0.5 (-3 db) Negligible
5 CQI reporting scheme. N = 0.7 N k N k2 Here, k1 and k2 are the CQI report interval of UEs in soft handover area and non-soft handover area, respectively. So, the first term represents a number of periodic CQI reports of UEs in soft handover area during one subframe and the second term represents a number of periodic CQI reports of UEs in non-soft handover area during one subframe. In case of CAS1 and CAS2, the N is calculated as follows using an average CQI report interval (k3) found empirically in the simulation. (2) N = N k3. (3) Fig. 6(a), (b) and (c) show the E b /I o of uplink DPCCH according to the various CQI report intervals of the periodic CQI reporting scheme when the speed of UE is 10km/h, 30km/h and 50km/h, respectively. In case of the periodic CQI reporting scheme, it happens more frequently that UEs report the same CQI value consecutively as the channel quality is stabler. Therefore, the proposed schemes have better performance as the speed of UEs decreases and the periodic CQI report interval is shorter. From Fig. 6, we can see that the proposed schemes obtain maximum 1.5 db gain in view of E b /I o compared to the periodic CQI feedback scheme, when the CQI report intervals of the periodic CQI reporting scheme is 2ms and the speed of UE is 10km/h. Also, the E b /I o with the CAS1 is always lower than that with the CAS2, since the CQI is sent immediately when the current CQI value is different from the last reported value in case of the CAS2. VI. CONCLUSIONS We have proposed two channel adaptive CQI reporting schemes (CAS1, CAS2). With the proposed schemes, UEs do not report the same CQI consecutively, even when it is time for them to report. They report the CQI value only if the current CQI value is different from the last reported CQI value or the timer has expired; at their own report timing with CAS1 and immediately with CAS2. As a result, the redundant CQI reports are filtered off and the uplink interference is reduced. With CAS1, UEs can conserve their battery power, maintaining the performance of the periodic CQI reporting scheme in view of the probability of transmission error. With CAS2, the probability of transmission error is greatly reduced, although there is a possibility that UEs consume a little more battery power than the periodic CQI reporting scheme. (a) (b) (c) Fig. 6. E b /I o of uplink DPCCH according to various CQI report intervals when UE speed is (a) 10km/h, (b) 30km/h and (c) 50km/h [6] 3GPP, Radio Resource Control (RRC): Protocol Specificaition, 3GPP TS V [7] 3GPP, High Speed Download Packet Access (HSDPA) enhancements, 3GPP TR V [8] N. Fukui, Study of Channel Quality Feedback in UMTS HSDPA, PIMRC th IEEE Proceedings on, vol. 1, pp , Sep [9] M. Dottling, J. Michel, B. Raaf, Hybrid ARQ and adaptive modulation and coding schemes for high speed downlink packet access, Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 13th IEEE International Symposium on , vol.3, Sept [10] Wha Sook Jeon, Dong Geun Jeong, Bonghoe Kim, Design of packet transmission scheduler for high speed downlink packet access systems, VTC Spring IEEE 55th vol. 3, pp , May [11] 3GPP, Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access, 3GPP TR V REFERENCES [1] Yang et al Reliable Adaptive Modulation Aided by Observations of Another Fading Dhannel, Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 52, pp , April [2] Soo-Yong Jeon, Dong-Ho Cho, An enhanced channel-quality indication (CQI) reporting scheme for HSDPA systems, IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 9, pp , May [3] 3GPP, Downlink Channel Quality Report Scheme, 3GPP TSG R [4] 3GPP, Physical layer procedures (FDD), 3GPP TS V [5] 3GPP, Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD), 3GPP TS V6.7.0.
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