Genetics. Is the science of heredity. Heredity is the transmission of genetic and physical traits from parent to offspring.

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1 Genetics Is the science of heredity. Heredity is the transmission of genetic and physical traits from parent to offspring.

2 Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk orn 1822 Considered the Father of Heredity He conducted plant reeding experiments in their monastery garden using peas. Developed the Laws of Inheritance. Dominance Recessive

3 Do chromosome numers increase as species ecome more advanced? Common Name Diploid Numer Monkey 42 Dog 78 Human 46 Mouse 40 Frog 26 Flatworm 16 Corn 20 Yeast 32 Potato 48 Green Algae 20 Fruit Fly 8

4 Sex Determination Female can contriute only an X chromosome towards the sex of their offspring. Male can contriute an X or a Y chromosome toward the sex of their offspring. So, what is the genotype of a FEMALE? MALE?

5 Medieval Days King Henry the 8 th He killed some of his wives for not giving irth to a son. They didn t know ack then that it was the man s gamete that determined the gender of the child.

6 Genes Some traits are inherited directly from one set of genes. Some traits are inherited through several sets of genes. A chromosome is a comination of many genes

7 Terms to know Homozygous- contains 2 identical alleles for the same trait, AA, BB, cc Heterozygous- contains 2 different alleles for the same trait, Aa, B, Cc Phenotype- Physical appearance of a trait, coat color, lood type. description Genotype- Genetic makeup AA, Aa, aa. letters Allele- Specific gene for specific trait. F-one = First cross offspring mating. F-two = Second cross offspring

8

9 Let s practice... Are these homozygous or heterozygous? EE AA Cc dd t t B LL Pp jj

10 What are dominant genes? The gene that expresses itself These hide the recessive gene if there is complete dominance. Some examples of dominant traits in humans are: Broad lips (BB or B) Second toe longer (TT or Tt) Brown eyes (BB or B) Freckles (FF or Ff) Rolling tongue (RR or Rr) Detached earloe (EE or Ee)

11 What are Recessive Genes? The gene that is overshadowed y a dominant gene hidden y dominant Recessive genes can only express themselves when there are two (aa) Some examples of recessive traits in humans are: Thin lips () Color lindness (cc) Near sightedness (nn) No dimples (dd) Attached earloes (ee)

12 Let s practice... Are these dominant or recessive? EE AA Cc dd t t B LL Pp jj

13 Other Phenotypic Results Codominance Both alleles show, there is no dominance. Results in BOTH phenotypes eing visile. Black unny and White unny make Black and White spotted unnies Red flower and White flower make a red and white striped flower

14 Other Phenotype Results Incomplete Dominance Neither allele is dominant, heterozygotes show a BLEND, there is no dominance. Black unny and White unny make a grey unny Red flower and White flower make a pink flower

15 Mendel s Laws Law of Segregation During meiosis all alleles separate from each other Alleles for a trait are then "recomined" at fertilization

16 Mendel s Laws Law of Independent Assortment Alleles for different traits are distriuted to offspring independently of one another. Red hair and freckles does not travel together! NO TWO TRAITS TRAVEL TOGETHER! These laws are why silings look different even though they have the same parents!

17 Punnett Square (MonoHyrid) Fill in this square on your paper. What does a Punnett square show? B B B

18 The dominant trait is lack fur, the recessive is white. What are the genotypic and phenotypic results? B B B

19 Genotypes: B, Phenotypes: Black, White B B B

20 RATIOS: Genotypes: B, (50:50 = 1:1) Phenotypes: Black, White (50:50) B B B

21 Fill in this square on your paper and give the genotypes, phenotypes and their ratios. B B B

22 Geno: BB, B, (1:2:1) or 25%, 50%, 25% Pheno: Black, White (3:1) or 75% to 25% B B B

23 No-Fail steps to working a Punnett square! 1. Make a key of genotypes 2. Add phenotypes 3. Draw Punnett square 4. Get parent cross 5. Work square.

24 In cats, long tails are dominant over short tails. Cross one heterozygous long tailed cat with a short tailed cat. What is the chance there will e a short tailed cat orn? Step One: Make a key: LL Ll ll -

25 In cats, long tails are dominant over short tails. Cross one heterozygous long tailed cat with a short tailed cat. What is the chance there will e a short tailed cat orn? Step Two: Add the phenotypes! LL Long tail Ll Long tail ll - Short tail

26 In cats, long tails are dominant over short tails. Cross one heterozygous long tailed cat with a short tailed cat. What is the chance there will e a short tailed cat orn? Step Three: Get parent cross LL Long tail Ll Long tail ll - Short tail Get the parent cross = Ll X ll (heterozygous long and short)

27 In cats, long tails are dominant over short tails. Cross one heterozygous long tailed cat with a short tailed cat. What is the chance there will e a short tailed cat orn? Step Four: Work square l L Ll l l l What is the chance there will e a short l Ll l l tailed cat?

28 In cats, long tails are dominant over short tails. Cross one heterozygous long tailed cat with a short tailed cat. What is the chance there will e a short tailed cat orn? Step Four: Work square l L Ll l l l What is the chance there will e a short l Ll l l tailed cat? 50%

29 Incomplete Dominance Blue parakeets and yellow parakeets make green parakeets. Cross a lue parakeet with a green parakeet. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Step one and two: Make a key BB - Blue BY - Green YY - Yellow

30 Incomplete Dominance Blue parakeets and yellow parakeets make green parakeets. Cross a lue parakeet with a green parakeet. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Step three and four: Parent cross and work the square. B B B Y BB BY BB BY What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

31 Incomplete Dominance Blue parakeets and yellow parakeets make green parakeets. Cross a lue parakeet with a green parakeet. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? Step three and four: Parent cross and work the square. B B B Y BB BY BB BY What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? 1:1 (2 lue: 2 green = 1:1)

32 Co-Dominance Black chupacaras and white chupacaras make lack and white striped chupacaras. Cross a lack chup and a white chup. What is the genotypic ratio and what will the offspring look like? Step one and two: Make a key BB - Black BW Striped Black and White WW - White

33 Co-Dominance Black chupacaras and white chupacaras make lack and white striped chupacaras. Cross a lack chup and a white chup. What is the genotypic ratio and what will the offspring look like? Step three and four: Parent cross and work the square. B B BB W BW What is the genotypic ratio and what will the offspring look like? W BW WW

34 Co-Dominance Black chupacaras and white chupacaras make lack and white striped chupacaras. Cross a lack chup and a white chup. What is the genotypic ratio and what will the offspring look like? Step three and four: Parent cross and work the square. B W B BB BW W BW WW What is the genotypic ratio and what will the offspring look like? Geno: 1:2:1 Pheno: Black, Striped, White

35 Regular Biology Classes STOP HERE! PreAP Biology continue with the notes.

36 Sex Linked Genes: There are genes that are only linked on the X chromosome, which means if you are a male you inherited it from your mom (your dad gave you a Y)! Females can get it from oth since dad gives them an X Trait examples would e Male Pattern Balding - Yep! From your mom! Colorlindness

37 Sex-Linked Color lindness is a sex linked recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. Cross a colorlind male with a female carrier. What is the chance of a colorlind child? Make a key let s do this together. X C X C - Normal vision female X C X c Normal vision/carrier female X c X c Colorlind female X C Y Normal vision male X c Y Colorlind male

38 Sex-Linked Color lindness is a sex linked recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. Cross a colorlind male with a female carrier. What is the chance of a colorlind child? KEY: Now work the square: PC: _ X c Y X X C X c X C X C - Normal vision female X c Y X C X c Normal vision/carrier female X C X c X c Colorlind female X C Y Normal vision male X c X c Y Colorlind male X C X c X c X c X C Y X c Y Chance of colorlind child?_50%_(one oy & one girl) Chance of colorlind daughter?_ 50%_(one of the girls)

39 Colorlind Statistics: 1 out of 4 people have colorlindness to some degree. 1 out of 12 men are colorlind. 1 out of 100 women are colorlind.

40 Sex-Linked Male patterned aldness is a recessive sex linked trait. Cross a female carrier with a Normal man. What is the chance their child will have male patterned aldness? Make a key Your turn, do this on your own. X B X B Normal female X B X Normal/carrier female X X Balding female X B Y Normal male X Y Balding male

41 Sex-Linked Male patterned aldness is a recessive sex linked trait. Cross a female carrier with a Normal man. What is the chance their child will have male patterned aldness? KEY: Now work the square: PC: X B X X X B Y X B X B Normal female X B Y X B X Normal/carrier female X X Balding female X B Y Normal male X Y Balding male X B X X B X B X B X X B Y X Y Chance of child with aldness? 25% (a oy)_ Chance of daughter with aldness? 0% Chance of son with aldness? 50%

42 5. Multiple Allele Blood Types have 3 alleles! A, B and O (O is recessive to A and B) AA, AO = Type A lood BB, BO = Type B lood AB = Type AB lood OO = Type O lood SIX possile cominations for parents Cross a Type O mom with a Type AB dad. What are the possile phenotypes of the offspring?

43 5. Multiple Allele Cross a Type O mom with a Type AB dad. What are the phenotypes of the offspring? Parent Cross: OO x AB Offspring phenotypes? B A B Can a man with AB lood ever have a Type O ay? O B?? O B??

44 5. Multiple Allele Cross a Type O mom with a Type AB dad. What are the phenotypes of the offspring? Parent Cross: OO x AB Offspring phenotypes: Type A and Type B 50% chance of either Can a man with AB lood ever have a Type O ay? No, always passes an A or B O O B A AO B AO B B BO BO

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