Eye Movement and Glance Tracking
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1 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Eye Movement and Glance Tracking Valentin Shopov 4 May 2007 Department of Informatics Technische Universität München
2 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Overview Introduction Eye movements Eye movements - indicator for mental activity Eye tracking Video-based tracking head-mounted systems environmentally fixed systems Pupillometry CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
3 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Overview Introduction Eye movements Eye movements - indicator for mental activity Eye tracking Video-based tracking head-mounted systems environmentally fixed systems Pupillometry CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
4 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Motivation Canwemeasureusability? Can we measure distraction? Information Overload (IO) Change Blindness (CB) Perceptual Tunneling (PT) Cognitive Capture (CC) CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
5 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Introduction vision highly complex process large amount of information human visual system eyes optic nerves brain CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
6 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet The Human Eye similar mechanism found in cameras anatomy of the human eye CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
7 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Visual Fields 3 visual fields foveal: < 2 parafoveal: < 10 peripheral: the three visual fields CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
8 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Overview Introduction Eye movements Eye movements - indicator for mental activity Eye tracking Video-based tracking head-mounted systems environmentally fixed systems Pupillometry CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
9 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Types of Eye Movement eye movements unvoluntary voluntary fixational movements drifts microsaccades microtremor gaze stabilizing movements vestibo-ocular reflex (VOR) optokinetic reflex gaze shifting movements saccades smooth pursuit vergence CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
10 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Saccades vs. Smooth Pursuit primary purpose of saccades locating new points of interest primary purpose of smooth pursuit following moving objects only for steady objects videos by Micromedical Technologies Inc. CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
11 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Saccades and Fixation fixation period between two consecutive saccades typical duration: ms visual perception in humans only during a fixation no perception during saccades saccade saccade fixation fixation fixation CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
12 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Saccades quick, simultanious movements of both eyes in the same direction ballistic cannot be suppressed once initiated common values duration: ms amplitude: 2-50 angular velocity: ~ 1000 /s CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
13 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Saccades, Fixations and Reading study of speed reading made by Humanistlaboratoriet, Lund University CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
14 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Overview Introduction Eye movements Eye movements - indicator for mental activity Eye tracking Video-based tracking head-mounted systems environmentally fixed systems Pupillometry CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
15 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Eye Movement and Mental Activity relationship first demonstrated by Yarbus (1967) CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
16 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Impact of Mental Workload on Visual Activity when workload increased median fixation time increase median amplitude of saccade decrease saccades per time unit decrease CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
17 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Characteristics of Glance Behaviour amount of glances reduced amount of glances may be an indicator for cognitive capture (CC) percentage of non task relevant glances available after classification of the glances maximum glance duration accumulated glance duration during a seconadary task median glance duration CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
18 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Overview Introduction Eye movements Eye movements - indicator for mental activity Eye tracking Video-based tracking head-mounted systems environmentally fixed systems Pupillometry CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
19 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Methods for Eye Movement Measurement subjective measurement contact-based measurement video-based measurement CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
20 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Subjective Approach very simple technique based on direct observation or subject s description of what he s seeing (experiments with afterimages) Staring at the light bulb for 30 s will cause an afterimage of a glowing light bulb! CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
21 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Contact-based Approach search coil induced electric current due to eye movement in a magnetic field electrooculography measurement of the potential difference between cornea and retina CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
22 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Overview Introduction Eye movements Eye movements - indicator for mental activity Eye tracking Video-based tracking head-mounted systems environmentally fixed systems Pupillometry CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
23 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Video-based Eye Tracking eye tracking system recording unit processing unit off-line unit raw data processed data analyzed data CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
24 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Video-based Eye Tracking Requirements robust easy to calibrate high sample rates comfortable for users little influence on glance behaviour CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
25 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Video-based Eye Tracking Standards Standards CCIR Standard (Europe): 625 lines 50 frames/s 25 images/s NTSC Standard (USA, Japan): 525 lines 60 frames/s 30 images/s CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
26 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Types of Eye Tracking Systems head-mounted systems + precise - intrusive (may alter normal glance behaviour) environmentally fixed systems + non-intrusive (do not affect normal glance behaviour) - less accurate CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
27 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Head-mounted Systems illumination with infrared (IR) light eye serves as retroreflector CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
28 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Eye Tracking Techniques bright pupil dark pupil on-axis IR light source off-axis IR light source + detailed iris pigmentation information less precise alignment required + applicable in various lighting conditions no interference even for large eye movements - not suitable for outdoor tracking interference reduced quality of image CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
29 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Overview Introduction Eye movements Eye movements - indicator for mental activity Eye tracking Video-based tracking head-mounted systems environmentally fixed systems Pupillometry CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
30 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Eye Tracking with Artificial Neural Networks Input retinal image Output gaussian distribution of the x and y coordinates of the gaze vector 3 layer network standard backpropagation algorithm CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
31 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Eye Tracking with Active Appearance Models image interpretation using statistical models CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
32 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Overview Introduction Eye movements Eye movements - indicator for mental activity Eye tracking Video-based tracking head-mounted systems environmentally fixed systems Pupillometry CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
33 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Pupil Size 1.5 mm 5 mm 8 mm bright light standard dim light factors that cause change in pupil size alcohol drugs illness brightness likes/dislikes emotions mental workload physical activity age CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
34 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Basic Principles of Pupillometry observation I: Brightness has the biggest influence on pupil size. observation II: Every change in pupil size occurs independently from other changes. (linear combination of changes) observation III: Pupil size increases proportionally to the difficulty level of the task to be solved. CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
35 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Experimental Results pupil size in different driving situations picture taken from Rößger CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
36 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Eye Tracking and Time-critical Tasks evaluation of pilots driving CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
37 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Other Application Areas car design marketing research CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
38 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Conclusion Canwemeasureusability? Yes! Can we measure distraction? Information Overload (IO) Change Blindness (CB) Perceptual Tunneling (PT) Cognitive Capture (CC) Yes! CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
39 Chair for Computer Aided Medical Procedures & campar.in.tum.de Fachgebiet Thank you for your attention! CAMP-AR Department of Informatics Technische Universität München 4 May
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