DNA A BRIEF INTRODUCTION. By D aniyal M otan. Medical E ngineering The U niversity o f H ong Kong
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1 DNA A BRIEF INTRODUCTION By D aniyal M otan Medical E ngineering The U niversity o f H ong Kong
2
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4 DNA is a very complex code
5 Protein Molecules Which make cells Codes for Which make Which make organs Which make tissues
6 But how does DNA really do all that it does?
7 DNA DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid This chemical substance is present in the nucleus of all cells in all living organisms DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood, nerve etc) is controlled by DNA The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup, giraffe, herring, human etc) is controlled by DNA
8 DNA molecule DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long chain of sub- units The sub- units are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group - and ~6 feet of DNA in each cell!!! an organic base
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10 The bases The most common organic bases are Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
11 Nucleotides The deoxyribose, the phosphate and one of the bases Combine to form a nucleotide adenine deoxyribose
12 Joined nucleotides 7 A molecule of DNA is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain sugar- phosphate backbone + bases
13 In fact, the DNA usually consists of a double strand of nucleotides The sugar- phosphate chains are on the outside and the strands are held together by chemical bonds between the bases
14 Double-stranded DNA
15 Bonding 1 The bases always pair up in the same way Adenine forms a bond with Thymine Adenine Thymine and Cytosine bonds with Guanine Cytosine Guanine
16 Bonding 2 adenine thymine cytosine guanine
17 Pairing up
18 The paired strands are coiled into a spiral called A DOUBLE HELIX
19 THE DOUBLE HELIX bases sugar-phosphate chain
20 replication Before a cell divides, the DNA strands unwind and separate Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides The result is that there are now two double- stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus So that when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA This process is called replication
21 The strands separate
22 Each strand builds up its partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides
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24 TO REMEMBER DNA POLYMERASE ASSEMBLES NEW DNA DURING REPLICATION
25 Genetic code 1 The sequence of bases in DNA forms the Genetic Code A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced
26 Coding For example Cytosine Adenine Codes for Valine Thymine Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Codes for Alanine
27 Triplet code This is known as the triplet code Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG - CCA -??? Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly The amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to make part of a protein Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly
28
29 DNA and enzymes The proteins build the cell structures They also make enzymes The DNA controls which enzymes are made and the enzymes determine what reactions take place The structures and reactions in the cell determine what sort of a cell it is and what its function is So DNA exerts its control through the enzymes
30 Genes A sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for a complete protein There may be a thousand or more bases in one gene Such a sequence forms a gene
31 TO REMEMBER RNA POLYMERASE ASSEMBLES RNA STRAND CARRYING INFO FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Copies a single page from the recipe book
32 TO REMEMBER RIBOSOME MACHINERY THAT TRANSLATES RNA STRAND TO PROTEIN A protein making factory that follows the instructions it reads
33 TO REMEMBER RIBOSOME BINDING SITE A SEQUENCE ON THE RNA STRAND WHERE THE RIBOSOME ATTACHES TO START TRANSLATING CODE INTO PROTEIN
34 REVIEW DNA POLYMERASE RNA POLYMERASE RIBOSOME RIBOSOME BINDING SITE
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