THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

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1 Name Date Class 24 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Chapter Test A A. Matching Match each description in Column A to the correct term in Column B. Write the letter of the correct term on the line. Column A Column B 1. a peptide with more than roughly 100 amino acids 2. any combination of amino acids in which the amino group of one acid is united with the carboxyl group of another 3. a simple carbohydrate molecule 4. proteins that act as biological catalysts 5. a class of relatively water-insoluble compounds that includes fats, oils, and waxes 6. a carbohydrate produced and stored by plants a. enzyme substrate complex b. peptide c. lipids d. phospholipid e. protein f. starch 7. a weak association of an enzyme and its substrate necessary for an enzyme to exert its catalytic activity 8. a complex lipid that is a major component of most cell membranes 9. cell type that does not contain a nucleus or membranebound organelles 10. process by which green plants and algae convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy B. Multiple Choice Choose the best answer and write its letter on the line. 11. Proteins that act as catalysts are called: a. substrates. c. peptides. b. nucleic acids. d. enzymes. 12. Proteins are a. polyesters. c. polyacetals. b. polypeptides. d. polyamines. g. monosaccharide h. prokaryotic i. enzymes j. photosynthesis Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life 647

2 Name Date Class 13. Base-pairing in DNA involves a. an acid base reaction. c. covalent bonds. b. hydrogen bonds. d. ionic bonds. 14. A typical nucleotide is composed of a. base sugar triglyceride. c. base phosphate ester. b. sugar phosphate enzyme. d. phosphate sugar base. 15. Starch, table sugar, cotton, and wood are all examples of a. aldehydes. c. lipids. b. carbohydrates. d. proteins. 16. Which of the following is true about nucleic acids? a. They are polymers found primarily in the nuclei of cells. b. They are essential in all living things. c. The types of nucleic acids that are found in cells are DNA and RNA. d. all of the above 17. The genetic plan for an organism is determined by the order of the nitrogen bases in a. the DNA of the organism. c. both a and b b. the RNA of the organism. d. neither a nor b 18. Which of the following statements about metabolism is correct? a. Catabolism includes all reactions in living cells in which small molecules are combined to form larger molecules. b. Catabolic reactions consume energy. c. Anabolism includes all enzyme-catalyzed reactions that acquire and use energy. d. Anabolic reactions produce energy. 19. The missing structural unit in the following block diagram for the nucleotide deoxyguanosine monophosphate is Phosphate deoxyribose a. phosphate. c. guanine. b. ribose sugar. d. none of the above 20. Which of the following compounds are the expected products from saponification of the triglyceride tristearin using sodium hydroxide? a. potassium stearate and glycerol b. sodium stearate and glycerol c. mixture of low molar mass esters d. carbon dioxide gas and water 21. Gene mutations a. are always harmful and never beneficial. b. may result in the synthesis of a faulty protein or no protein at all. c. may occur when one or more nucleotides are added to the DNA molecule. d. both b and c? 648 Core Teaching Resources

3 Name Date Class 22. Which of the following statements about enzymes is not correct? a. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. b. Enzymes do not change the normal equilibrium of a reaction. c. Some enzymes require nonprotein coenzymes to catalyze the transformation of biological substrates. d. In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the substrate never makes contact with the enzyme. 23. The 20 common amino acids are distinguished from one another by a. the location of the amino group. b. the presence or absence of a carboxylic acid group. c. the chemical nature of the side-chain group. d. the number of side-chain groups attached to the central carbon atom. 24. Which of the following statements about proteins is not correct? a. The three-dimensional shape of a protein is unaffected by interactions between the amino acids in its peptide chain. b. Protein shape is partly maintained by hydrogen bonds between adjacent parts of the folded chains. c. Separate polypeptide chains may be joined into a single protein through covalent bonding between sulfur atoms. d. Differences in the biological properties of proteins result from differences in the amino acid sequences of the proteins. 25. In a DNA sample, 36% of the bases are determined to be thymine. This means that a. 64% of the bases are guanine. b. 36% of the bases are guanine. c. 36% of the bases are adenine. d. 64% of the bases are adenine. C. True-False Classify each of these statements as always true, AT; sometimes true, ST; or never true, NT. 26. Recombinant DNA technology makes it possible to produce some human proteins in microorganisms. 27. Photosynthetic organisms use the energy of the sun to reduce carbon dioxide to glucose. 28. The amino acid sequence Ala-Trp-Cys-Gly-Phe could be classified as a hexapeptide. 29. A comparison of DNA fingerprints can be used to identify people. 30. Enzymes require metal ion cofactors to catalyze the transformation of substrate to product. 31. Fats and oils are both triesters of glycerol. Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life 649

4 Name Date Class 32. The hydrolysis of sucrose catalyzed by the enzyme sucrase is expected to yield glucose only. 33. Four nucleotide monomers in a gene arranged in a specific sequence are required to specify one amino acid in a peptide or protein chain. 34. Diseases that result from gene mutations are called inborn errors or molecular diseases. 35. The flow of genetic information in the cell could be described as follows: DNA RNA Protein. D. Questions and Problems Answer the following questions and solve the following problems in the space provided. 36. Use Table 24.2 to translate the following DNA sequence into an amino acid sequence. ACCGCTCGAGAATTGATT 37. a. Write a condensed chemical equation describing the hydrolysis of ATP. b. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant (K eq ) of the hydrolysis of ATP. Given that G kj/mol for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, use or to write an inequality to show whether K eq is greater than or less than 1 under standard conditions. c. Is the hydrolysis of ATP under standard conditions spontaneous or nonspontaneous? 38. Phosphorus and nitrogen are important elements in living organisms. Explain why. 650 Core Teaching Resources

5 Name Date Class 39. Propose an experiment to test whether an unknown substance isolated from a cell is a lipid or a carbohydrate. 40. What structural features distinguish a eukaryotic cell from a prokaryotic cell? 41. Using electron microscopy, scientists have determined that the phospholipid bilayer comprising the cell membrane is 5 to 10 nm thick. a. What does this result imply about the dimensions of membrane proteins that act as ion-specific channels? b. What does this result imply about the approximate length of a phospholipid molecule? E. Essay Write a short essay for the following. 42. What are nucleic acids, and why are they important? Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life 651

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