Bullying in Youth A Brief Overview
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1 Bullying in Youth A Brief Overview Tom Tarshis M.D., M.P.H. Board-Certified Adult, Adolescent and Child Psychiatrist Adjunct Clinical Faculty, Stanford University AACAP Spokesperson on Bullying Director, Bay Area Children s Association
2 Pre-Test I Which Group of Children has the worst long-term consequences from bullying behavior A. Bullies B. Victims C. Neither, all kids do fine eventually A. Bullies
3 Pre-test II In what percent of school shootings, based on a Secret Service study, had the perpetrator been identified as a victim A. 15% B. 25% C. 50% D. 70% D. 70%
4 Pre-test III True or False: Laws are better designed to protect adults in the workplace than children in school True
5 What is bullying? Definition - I Historically : Overt aggression (hitting, kicking, pushing) in males. More recently, recognition of other forms of bullying: Relational aggression: harming others through purposeful manipulation and damage of peer relationships. Direct and Indirect Bullying CyberBullying
6 Definition - II Quick Definition: The systematic abuse of power Standard definition: (3 key criteria):` 1) The bully exhibits behavior directed towards the victim that is designed to hurt, harm, or damage the victim physically, socially or emotionally. 2) The behavior only occurs when there is an imbalance of power between the bully and the victim (bully having more) 3) The bullying behavior happens repeatedly over time
7 Definition - III Resiliency/ Threshold 1) Bullying effects can vary dramatically between youth 2) What seems to be minor to an adult or other peer may have severe mental health consequences to an individual 3) Resiliency How fast youth recover from bullying event
8 Prevalence I United States Data (Nansel et al, 2001) In 1998, Survey completed by 15,686 students in 6 th through 10 th grades 29.9% with moderate or frequent involvement in bullying 13.0% identified as bullies 10.6% as victims 6.3% both bully and victim Weekly involvement: Bullies: 8.8% Victims: 8.4%
9 Prevalence II International Data Involvement in bullying more than twice during the current school term in 25 countries Nansel, T. R. et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158:
10 Prevalence III Younger Children N= 264, Data collected from 1 public and 1 private school in CA, 1 public school in AZ, Grades 3-6, In the past week.. Bullied Victimized Teased: 11.0% 34.9% Push, Hit: 7.2% 23.9% Mean Things: 11.1% 37.1%
11 Mental Health Correlations - I Being Victimized Depression Generalized Anxiety Social Anxiety Loneliness Low Self-esteem Suicidal Ideation 2 8 times increased risk of self-harm
12 Mental Health Correlations - II Being a Bully Depression Suicidal Ideation ADHD Predictive of future adult criminal activity
13 Mental Health Correlations - III Younger Kids (4 th -6 th graders) N=95 Anxiety (MASC) Depression (CDI) Bullies Victims Bully- Victims R = 0.28 R = 0.32 R = 0.35 R = 0.49 R = 0.49 R = 0.57 P < 0.01 for all associations
14 Warning Signs More Clear Ripped Clothes Bruises Hunger Lost Items Asking for $ Less Clear Somatic Complaints headache, stomachaches, body pains Problems sleeping on school nights Truancy Withdrawing Sudden loss of friends
15 Identification Questions for kids: Who do you usually eat lunch with? How many kids hang out in your group? Observations: Spending time with peers Changes in computer/texting/cell phone usage
16 Interventions Prevention is the best medicine! Data suggests the biggest factor to prevent bullying and victimization is a large group of friends From young age, encourage friendships Involvement in well-run, extracurricular activities often valuable preventive measure Regular communication time with children is highly beneficial
17 Evidence- Based Bullying Interventions All Interventions are through school. The interventions are characterized as: 1. Social and Behavioral Skills Group Training 2. Increased Staff (mentoring/social workers) 3. Curriculum 4. Whole-School, Multidisciplinary, Community Involvement Model
18 Intervention - Results Social and Behavioral Skills/Group Training Perhaps okay for younger kids, poor results for older than 6 th grade Increased Staff (mentoring/social workers) Very costly but some benefit to individual kids Curriculum In general poor results, including sometimes causing an increase in bullying/victimization Whole-School, Multidisciplinary Most promising, majority of studies with positive results
19 Bystander Involvement For Youth Piece of Interventions: Data supports pulling in the bystander students (the 40 to 60% of kids not involved as bullies or victims) to get involved in calling out bullies on there behavior and supporting victims
20 Founded in 2007, non-profit, evidence-based mental health clinic for children and families Part of CATCH (Collaborative approach to Children s Mental Health) Services, seeking to revolutionize mental health care for children in the U.S. Seek to provide excellent, integrated services to all clients Working on funding for evidence-based, antibullying programs. Current focus on assessment of teacher/staff attitudes towards bullying
21 Take Home Message Bullying and Victimization are commonplace among youth, beginning at young ages Both physical and mental health symptoms are highly correlated with being involved in bullying (either as the victim or perpetrator) Research suggests that multidisciplinary community based approaches may be the only effective programs to truly reduce bullying
22 Thank you for your time! Book for Teenagers: Living With Peer Pressure and Bullying Published April
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