Solid-State Physics. 421 Springer. An Introduction to Principles of Materials Science. Fourth Extensively Updated and Enlarged Edition
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1 Harald Ibach Hans Lüth Solid-State Physics An Introduction to Principles of Materials Science Fourth Extensively Updated and Enlarged Edition With 286 Figures, 18 Panels and 104 Problems 421 Springer
2 Contents 1 Chemical Bonding in Solids The Periodic Table of the Elements Covalent Bonding Ionic Bonding Metallic Bonding The Hydrogen Bond The van der Waals Bond 15 Problems 16 2 Structure of Solid Matter The Crystal Lattice Point Symmetry The 32 Crystal Classes (Point Groups) The Significance of Symmetry Simple Crystal Structures Phase Diagrams of Alloys Defects in Solids 45 Problems 48 3 Diffraction from Periodic Structures General Theory of Diffraction Periodic Structures and the Reciprocal Lattice The Scattering Conditions for Periodic Structures The Bragg Interpretation of the Laue Condition Brillouin Zones The Structure Factor Methods of Structure Analysis 67 Problems 70 Panel I: Diffraction Experiments with Various Particles 72 Panel II: X-Ray Interferometry and X-Ray Topography 78 4 Dynamics of Atoms in Crystals The Potential The Equation of Motion The Diatomic Linear Chain 86
3 XII Contents 4.4 Scattering from Time-Varying Structures Phonon Spectroscopy Elastic Properties of Crystals 94 Problems 104 Panel III: Raman Spectroscopy Thermal Properties The Density of States The Thermal Energy of a Harmonic Oscillator The Specific Heat Capacity Effects Due to Anharmonicity Thermal Expansion Heat Conduction by Phonons 124 Problems 129 Panel IV: Experiments at Low Temperatures "Free" Electrons in Solids The Free-Electron Gas in an Infinite Square-Well Potential The Fermi Gas at T= 0 K Fermi Statistics The Specific Heat Capacity of Electrons in Metals Electrostatic Screening in a Fermi Gas The Mott Transition Thermionic Emission of Electrons from Metals 152 Problems The Electronic Bandstructure of Solids General Symmetry Properties The Nearly Free-Electron Approximation The Tight-Binding Approximation Examples of Bandstructures The Density of States Density of States in Non-Crystalline Solids 179 Problems 182 Panel V: Photoemission Spectroscopy Magnetism Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism The Exchange Interaction Exchange Interaction Between Free Electrons The Band Model of Ferromagnetism The Temperature Behavior of a Ferromagnet in the Band Model Ferromagnetic Coupling for Localized Electrons 209
4 Contents XIII 8.7 Antiferromagnetism Spin Waves Crystalline Anisotropy 219 Problems 225 Panel VI: Magnetostatic Spin Waves 227 Panel VII: Magnetism in Thin-Film Systems and GMR-Effect Motion of Electrons and Transport Phenomena Motion of Electrons in Bands and the Effective Mass Currents in Bands and Holes Scattering of Electrons in Bands The Boltzmann Equation and Relaxation Time The Electrical Conductivity of Metals Thermoelectric Effects The Wiedemann-Franz Law Electrical Conductivity of Localized Electrons Quantum Transport in Nanostructures 268 Problems 282 Panel VIII: Quantum Oscillations and the Topology of Fermi Surfaces Superconductivity Some Fundamental Phenomena Associated with Superconductivity Phenomenological Description by Means of the London Equations Instability of the "Fermi Sea" and Cooper Pairs The BCS Ground State The Excitation Spectrum of a Superconductor Consequences of the BCS Theory and Comparison with Experimental Results Supercurrents and Critical Currents Coherence of the BCS Ground State and the Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect Quantization of Magnetic Flux Type II Superconductors "High-Temperature" Superconductors 340 Problems 349 Panel IX: One-Electron Tunneling in Superconductor Junctions 352 Panel X: Cooper-Pair Tunneling The Josephson Effect Dielectric Properties of Materials The Dielectric Function Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation The Dielectric Function for a Harmonie Oscillator 377
5 XIV Contents 11.4 Longitudinal and Transverse Normal Modes Surface Waves an a Dielectric Reflectivity of a Dielectric Half-Space The Local Field The Polarization Catastrophe and Ferroelectrics The Free-Electron Gas Interband Transitions Excitons Dielectric Energy Losses of Electrons 400 Problems 403 Panel XI: Novel Optical Materials 407 Panel XII: Infrared Spectroscopy 414 Panel XIII: The Frustrated Total Reflection Method Semiconductors Data of a Number of Important Semiconductors Charge Carrier Density in Intrinsic Semiconductors Doping of Semiconductors Carrier Densities in Doped Semiconductors Conductivity of Semiconductors The p n Junction and the Metal/Semiconductor Schottky Contact Semiconductor Heterostructures and Superlattices Important Semiconductor Devices 472 Problems 486 Panel XIV: The Hall Effect 489 Panel XV: Cyclotron Resonance in Semiconductors 492 Panel XVI: Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations and Quantum Hall Effect 495 Panel XVII: Semiconductor Epitaxy 504 Panel XVIII: Preparation of Nanostructures 510 References 517 Index 527
Introduction to Solid State Physics
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