Routing Protocols -- RIP,OSPF,BGP
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1 Routing Protocols -- RIP,OSPF,BGP Computer Network Architecture For Postgraduates Chen Zhenxiang School of Information Science and Technology. University of Jinan (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 1
2 Internet Structure 20 or more Years Ago, the Internet was.. Single Core Backbone NSFNET backbone Stanford Berkeley BARRNET regional PARC NCAR Westnet regional UNM UNL MidNet regional KU ISU UA (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 2
3 Internet Structure Internet Today Large corporation Peer Backbone Consumer ISP Peering point Consumer ISP Backbone service provider Peering point Large corporation Consumer ISP Small corporation Single core replaced by a network of peer backbones => more scalable. Today there are over 60 backbones (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 3
4 How to arrange the IP Blocks --Super-netting Assign block of contiguous network numbers to nearby networks Called CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing Represent blocks with a single pair (first_network_address, count) Restrict block sizes to powers of 2 Use a bit mask (CIDR mask) to identify block size (Which is very similar to the subnet mask). All routers must understand CIDR addressing Example: are 16 class C IP address of UJN. We can use /20 or / to denote all the 16 class C IP blocks (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 4
5 Why do we need routing protocols? How does a router get these tables? netid port / / /24 2 netid port / / / / / (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 5
6 Route Propagation Know a smarter router hosts know local router (Default Gateway) local routers know site routers (May be static routing) site routers know core routers (Routing Protocols) core routers know everything (May have large route tables) Autonomous System (AS) corresponds to an administrative domain examples: University, company, backbone network assign each AS a 16-bit number (AS Number) Two-level route propagation hierarchy Interior Gateway Protocol (each AS selects its own) Exterior Gateway Protocol (Internet-wide standard) The need for exchanging route information leads to the Routing Protocol (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 6
7 Section 2: Popular Interior Gateway Protocols RIP: Route Information Protocol developed for XNS distributed with Unix distance-vector algorithm based on hop-count OSPF: Open Shortest Path First recent Internet standard uses link-state algorithm supports load balancing supports authentication (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 7
8 RIP- Route Information Protocol Originally designed for Xerox PARC Universal Protocol, when it was called GWINFO. One of the routing algorithms used by the Internet, BSD (Berkley Software Distributions) began shipping with RIP installed as routed in 1982, leading to it s wide acceptance. Based on distance vector routing Did not scale well suffered the count-to-infinity problem weak security RIP is phased out for large backbones but still widely used for small networks (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 8
9 RIP: Key Facts Distance Vector protocol using Bellman-Ford algorithm (An efficient algorithm to solve the single-source shortest-path problem ). Hop count is the only metric for path determination. Maximum hop count is 15, 16 is unreachable. Routing updates are BROADCAST every 30 second by default. RIP is capable of load balancing over multiple paths. RIP supports both TCP/IP routing and IPX. RIP is classful, it does not keep track of subnet masks (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 9
10 RIP: Route Tables Column Name Destination Metric Next-hop Updated flag Timers Purpose 32 bit destination address Hop count to dest. Next router along path. Flag indicating if this route was recently updated. Timers associated with entry. The route table contains nothing more than a list of destinations, associated metrics, and maintenance information (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 10
11 RIP: Timers (defaults) Update interval: 30 sec. Every half minute, each router broadcasts it s routing table in entirety to it s neighbors. Invalid timer: 180 sec. If no update about the route is received in this time, it is marked as invalid and advertised unreachable. However, it continues to forward packets until flush time expires. Holddown: 180 sec. When a router receives a packet declaring a route unreachable, this timer is started. No routes with worse metrics are accepted until it expires. Flush timer: 240 sec. How long after the route is declared down, before it is completely removed. Starts incrementing immediately after last update is received (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 11
12 RIP: Traffic RIP packets are encapsulated in UDP packets (max 512 bytes). A maximum of 25 routes can be held in any single update packet (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 12
13 RIP: Summary of Issues RIP v1 constantly sends out updates, necessary or not. RIP v1 s convergence time is dependent upon the setup of the timers. Bad routes can take MINUTES to disappear. RIP v1 has no VLSM (variable length subnet masks ) support. You either have to use lots of classful networks, or use a universal subnet mask. RIP v1 has no authentication method. Plug a box into a RIP v1 network advertising a destination with metric 0, and everyone will use it. (Or at least, try to use it!). Max 16 hops limit it to be used in small networks (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 13
14 OSPF: Open Shortest Path First Open Shortest Path First, a Preferred IGP in Internet. Routing algorithm now used inside the Internet AS. OSPF uses the Link State Routing algorithm with modifications to support: Multiple distance metrics (geographical distance, delay, throughput) Support for real-time traffic Hierarchical routing Security (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 14
15 Autonomous Systems and s OSPF divides the network into several hierarchies: Autonomous Systems (AS s) groups of subnets s Groups of routers within an AS Backbone s Groups of routers that connect other areas together Autonomous System Backbone Backbone (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 15
16 Routers Running OSPF Routers are distinguished by the functions they perform Internal routers Backbone Only route packets within one area border routers Connect to areas together Backbone routers Reside only in the backbone area AS boundary routers Autonomous System Routers that connect to a router outside the AS Backbone (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 16
17 OSPF: Modified Link State Routing Recall: In classic link state routing, routers flood their routing information to all other routers in the network In OSPF, routers only send their information to adjacent routers, not to all routers. Adjacent does NOT mean nearest-neighbor in OSPF One router in each area is marked as the designated router Designated routers are considered adjacent to all other routers in the area OSPF combines link state routing with centralized adaptive routing (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 17
18 OSPF Operation Every OSPF router sends out 'hello' packets Hello packets used to determine if neighbor is up Hello packets are small easy to process packets Hello packets are sent periodically (usually short interval) Once an adjacency is established, trade information with your neighbor Topology information is packaged in a "link state announcement" Announcements are sent ONCE, and only updated if there's a change (maybe every 45mins...) (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 18
19 Section 3: Exterior Gateway Protocol In today s Internet, the routing protocol used by cores & peers was called Gateway-Gateway Protocol (GGP), Replaced by EGP and now by BGP (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 19
20 EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol Overview designed for tree-structured Internet concerned with reachability, not optimal routes Protocol messages neighbor acquisition: one router requests that another be its peer; peers exchange reachability information neighbor reachability: one router periodically tests if the another is still reachable; exchange HELLO/ACK messages; uses a k-out-of-n rule routing updates: peers periodically exchange their routing tables (distance-vector) (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 20
21 BGP-4: Border Gateway Protocol BGP is the Internet. BGP is slower than all of the IGPs, but it is also more scalable AS Types stub AS: has a single connection to one other AS Carries local traffic only multihomed AS: has connections to more than one AS It can, but refuses to carry transit traffic transit AS: has connections to more than one AS Carries both transit and local traffic Each AS has: one or more border routers one BGP speaker that advertises: local networks other reachable networks (transit AS only) gives path information (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 21
22 BGP Basic Operations BGP makes routing decisions based on network policies and optimal routes BGP updates are carried using TCP on port 179 Before routing information is exchanged, a TCP 3-way handshake occurs BGP message types: --OPEN: Establish a peering session --Update: Announcing new routes or withdrawing previously announced routes. --Notification: Shuts down a peering session. --Keep alive: Handshake at regular intervals (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 22
23 BGP Route Processing Open ended programming. Constrained only by vendor configuration language Receive BGP Updates Apply Policy = filter routes & tweak attributes Based on Attribute Values Best Routes Apply Policy = filter routes & tweak attributes Transmit BGP Updates Apply Import Policies Best Route Selection Best Route Table Apply Export Policies BGP is policy-based Install forwarding Entries for best Routes. IP Forwarding Table (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 23
24 BGP Example Speaker for AS2 advertises reachability to P and Q network , , , and , can be reached directly from AS2 Backbone netw ork (AS 1) Regional provider A (AS 2) Regional provider B (AS 3) Customer P (AS 4) Customer Q (AS 5) Customer R (AS 6) Customer S (AS 7) Speaker for backbone advertises networks , , , and can be reached along the path (AS1, AS2). Speaker can cancel previously advertised paths (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 24
25 Section 4: Mobile Routing How to deal with mobile computers? Want a single network address to route to a single computer, wherever it is. Example: Cell phone number always contacts a single device, even when changing access points (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 25
26 Motivating Mobility Radio Media M is a mobile host A 3 1 B 4 C 2 D E 2 F Now M is connected to A M (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 26
27 Motivating Mobility A 3 1 B 4 M C 2 D E 2 F Radio Media M is a mobile host Now M can only contact C Update all routing tables? (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 27
28 A Mobility Solutions Home agent: Keeps track of a Mobile s position in fixed network Serves as the contact point for M Foreign agent: Record all mobile agents in area. Act as mobile s representative in local area Tunneling: Sending a layer N(3) packet in layer N (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 28
29 Mobility Example S 4 Home H (1) Mobile broadcasts to find foreign agent (2) Mobile registers with foreign agent Foreign F M 1,2 3 (3) Foreign and Home agents authenticate (4)Traffic from S to M routed to H and tunneled through H<->F (c) Chen Zhenxiang. University of Jinan 29
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