Sunday, August 26, 2012 CHAPTER 3: THE MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST, B.C.E.

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 3: THE MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST, B.C.E.

2 p. 83

3 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST A. Western Asia 1. by 1500 B.C.E. Mesopotamia divided into 2 distinct zones a. Babylonia in the South b. Assyria in the North 2. Babylon had developed greatly politically and culturally under dynasty of Hammurabi in 17 th to 18 th century 3. Assyrians in north centered on trade with Ashur, leading urban center

4 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST 4. Old Assyrian in 18 th century had control of trade routes from Mesopotamia to Anatolia & Syria- Palestine area 5. Hittites came into power from 1500 B.C.E in Anatolia area a. used Indo- European language 6. Hittites capital, Hattusha, revised technology of horse drawn chariots (2 wheeled)

5 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST 7. 2 nd millennia, Akkadian language becomes language of diplomacy 8. Hittites collapse in 1193 B.C.E. B. Middle & New Kingdom Egypt th century, new groups migrated into Nile Delta 2. Egypt entered into a period of political fragmentation & economic decline

6 Map 4-1, p. 82

7 Map 4-1, p. 82

8 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST B.C.E., for the first time, Egypt came under the rule of non- Egyptians, Hyksos, during the Middle Kingdom 4. Hyksos had military advantage over Egyptians a. horse- drawn war chariots, bows made of wood and horn 5. after 3 decades of warfare Hyksos expelled & started New Kingdom 1532 to 1072 B.C.E.

9 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST 6. New Kingdom was aggressive and concerned with expansion a. conquered Syria- Palestine in north and Nubia in south b. new territories brought to Egypt timber, gold, copper, tax tributes c. In Nubia, Egypt exerted direct control but in Syria- Palestine, placed forts to support local rulers (indirect control)

10 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST 7. New Kingdom interacting with many countries & traveling widely a. introduced to new technology such as improved potters wheel & weaver s loom 8. Hatshepsut claims royal title of pharaoh in B.C.E., become the 1 st female pharaoh a. successfully established 1 st hand trade to sub Saharan Africa & secured myrrh, ebony, ivory & more

11 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST 9.Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten, in an attempt for Egypt & himself to worship one god- Aten (Sun God) a. he is credited with the invention of monotheism 10. Pharaoh Tutankhamun ( ) was the immediate successor of Akhenaten & reopened temples, re-instituted Amon as the chief god

12 p. 87

13 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST a. most famous because his tomb is the only royal tomb found not to be pillaged. 11. new dynasty, Ramessides, established in Ramesses II ruled for 66 years & renewed policy of conquest neglected by Akhenaten

14 I. COSMOPOLITAN MIDDLE EAST C. Egyptian Commerce & Communication 1. Battle between Egyptians & Hittites resulted in a treaty a. battle over control of Syria- Palestine area 2. commerce in metal increased dramatically 3. domesticated horses arrived in western Asia near 2000 B.C.E 4. New modes of transportation introduced during this period were horses, chariots, and camels.

15 II. AEGEAN WORLD A. Mycenaean Greece 1. 1 st advance Greek civilization created from groups of Indo- European speakers & indigenous people 2. evidence prove Homer s Iliad was a true account of historical events

16 II. AEGEAN WORLD 3. Mycenaean borrowed various concepts from Minoans a. palace construction centralized economy, bureaucratic administration, artistic style & Minoan writing system. 4. Mycenae & other Greek cities have similar structural patterns a. citadel built on hilltop, surrounded by thick fortification walls of stone

17 II. AEGEAN WORLD 5. Mycenaean s adapted Minoan s undeciphed writing, Linear A, to create Linear B, which is an early form of Greek 6. Minoans & Mycenaean s engaged in long-distance trade a. sailed in daylight with land in sight b. light, wooden vessels with little storage room 7. Cretan/ Minoan merchants credited with establishing trading posts

18 Map 4-2, p. 89

19 Map 4-2, p. 89

20 II. AEGEAN WORLD D. Fall of Late Bronze Age Civilizations 1. groups moving into a new area displaced others, whom would join movement of people 2. Egypt soon lost control of Syria- Palestine territory & Nubia 3. Mycenaean civilization collapses but Greek language persists 4. Many societies became interdependent through trade, diplomacy, & technology and the collapse of one society brought about the collapse of all

21 II. AEGEAN WORLD 5. collapse due to internal weakness & external violence 6. Region enters into centuries long Dark Age - poverty, isolation, & loss of knowledge

22 III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE A. Background Information 1. Neo- Assyrian ( B.C.E) 1 st to rule over diverse people over long distances 2. homeland in Northern Mesopotamia 3. At its peak, empire stretched from Anatolia, Syria- Palestine & Egypt across Armenia, Mesopotamia & Iran 4. Assyrians created an empire larger than any which existed before

23 Map 4-3, p. 93

24 III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 5. focus was with to enrich imperial center through the subjugated peripheral territories (newly conquered territories) B. God & King 1. King center of Assyrian universe, All land and people belong to him 2. belief that gods chose king to rule as earthly representative 3. kings responsibilities: a. military campaigns: both for defensive and expansion b. supervising state religion & upkeep of temple

25 III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 5. kings made no decisions without consulting gods C. Conquest & Control 1. had an army of professional soldiers and included armored spearmen, launched stone projectiles, cavalry, 4- man chariots & bowmen 2. Assyrians utilized terror tactics to prevent resistance & rebellion

26 III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 3. WORST TACTICS: mass deportation- forcibly uprooting entire communities a. relocated 1 4 million people b. shifted human resources & opened new lands for agriculture 4. provincial officials secured payments of tributes & taxes which financed activities of government

27 III. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE D. Assyrian Society & Culture 1. 3 classes are: a. free, landowning citizens b. farmers & artisans attached to king s or rich landholder s estate c. slaves- debtors & prisoners of wars 2. although coin currency not invented, silver measured for desired amount for each transactions 3. Assyrians built on achievements of Mesopotamian ancestors

28 IV. ISRAEL A. Background Information 1. Canaan, Israel, Palestine- names of homeland of Israelites aka Hebrews & Jews 2. Israel had few natural resources B. Origins, Exodus, & Settlements 1. information acquired form Egyptian & Assyrian documents as well as Hebrew bible a. Hebrew bible called Torah b. parts of Hebrew bible called Old Testament in Christian Bible

29 Map 4-4, p. 97

30 Map 4-4, p. 97

31 Map 4-4, p. 97

32 IV. ISRAEL 2. Hebrew bible- orally transmitted history written down in 10 th Century B.C.E. 3. Hebrew language is Semitic & related to neighboring languages 4. patriarch of religion is Abraham whom had a covenant- pact with Israelite god, Yahweh 5. Israelites moved to Egypt when severe drought occurred & became Egyptian slaves

33 IV. ISRAEL 6. with leadership of Moses, Israelites lead out of slavery in Egypt, known as the Exodus, & wandered in desert for 40 years a. period of wandering strengthened covenant between Israelites and Yahweh b. Commandments- basic tenets of Jewish beliefs & practices, emerged during the period of wandering 7. Children of Israel divided into 12 tribes, each led by a different chief & settled in a different areas

34 IV. ISRAEL C. Rise of Monarchy 1. Saul, 1 st king of Israelites around 1020 B.C.E established monarchy 2. After Saul s death, throne passed to David ( B.C.E.) 3. David captured hill of Jerusalem & made it capital a. placed Ark of Covenant in Jerusalem 4. David instituted a census for the collection of taxes & created a paid army

35 IV. ISRAEL 5. Solomon, David s son, built the 1 st Temple in Jerusalem 6. growing gap between urban, rich & rural poor, polarized a people which previously was homogeneous 7. Israelites lived in extended families, several generations living together 8. women enjoyed relative equality also, they suffered certain legal disadvantages: a. women could not inherit property, b. could initiate divorce c. main responsibilities were bearing and raising children, & maintaining the household.

36 IV. ISRAEL D. Fragmentation & Dispersal 1. After Solomon, Israel divided into two kingdoms: a. Israel in the north (capital: Samaria) b. Judah in the south (capital: Jerusalem) 2. The two kingdoms were sometimes at peace with each other, and sometimes fought. 3. The concept of monotheism was sharpened during period of fragmentation 4. the Assyrian destruction of the northern kingdom (Israel) in 721 B.C.E.

37 IV. ISRAEL 5. the fall of the southern kingdom (Judah) to the Babylonian monarch Nebuchadnezzar in 587 B.C.E. a. Nebuchadnezzar deported a large number of Jewish elites and craftsmen to Babylon- beginning of the Jewish Diaspora. 6. Jewish people developed institutions to preserve Jewish religion and culture. 7. Developments of the Diaspora included a stronger commitment to monotheism, strict dietary rules, and veneration of the Sabbath.

38 Map 4-5, p. 105