Minerals: Building blocks of rocks
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1 Minerals: Building blocks of rocks Definition of a mineral: Naturally occurring Inorganic solid Ordered internal molecular structure Definite chemical composition Definition of a rock: A solid aggregate or mass of minerals
2 Composition of minerals Elements Atoms Basic building blocks of minerals Over 100 are known (92 naturally occurring) Smallest particles of matter Retains all the characteristics of an element
3 The periodic table
4 Composition of minerals Atomic structure Central region called the nucleus Consists of protons (positive charges) and neutrons (neutral charges) Electrons Negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus Located in discrete energy levels called shells
5 Idealized structure of an atom
6 Composition of minerals Chemical bonding Formation of a compound by combining two or more elements Ionic bonding Atoms gain or lose outermost (valence) electrons to form ions Ionic compounds consist of an orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions
7 Halite (NaCl) An example of ionic bonding
8 Composition of minerals Covalent bonding Atoms share electrons to achieve electrical neutrality Covalent compounds are generally stronger than ionic bonds Both ionic and covalent bonds typically occur in the same compound (bonds are seldom 100% ionic or covalent in character)
9 Covalent bonding sharing of valence electrons
10 Composition of minerals Other types of bonding Metallic bonding Valence electrons are free to migrate among atoms Weaker and less common than ionic or covalent bonds
11 Composition of minerals Isotopes and radioactive decay Mass number is the sum of neutrons plus protons in an atom An isotope is an atom that exhibits variation in its mass number Some isotopes have unstable nuclei that emit particles and energy in a process known as radioactive decay
12 Structure of minerals Minerals consist of an orderly array of atoms chemically bonded to form a particular crystalline structure For ionic compounds, the internal atomic arrangement is primarily determined by the size of ions involved
13 Classification of Minerals Nearly 4000 minerals have been identified on Earth Rock-forming minerals Common minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earth s crust Only a few dozen members Composed mainly of the 8 elements that make up over 98% of the continental crust
14
15 Silicates Classification of Minerals Most important mineral group Comprise most of the rock-forming minerals Very abundant due to large amounts of silicon and oxygen in Earth s crust Basic building block is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron molecule Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon ion
16 The silicate (SiO 4 ) -4 molecule
17 Classification of Minerals Silicate structures Single tetrahedra are linked together to form various structures including Isolated tetrahedra Ring structures Single and double chain structures Sheet or layered structures Complex 3-dimensional structures
18 Silicate structures
19 Classification of Minerals Common Silicate minerals Olivine High temperature Fe-Mg silicate Individual tetrahedra linked together by iron and magnesium ions Forms small, rounded crystals with no cleavage
20 Classification of Minerals Common Silicate minerals Pyroxene Group Single chain structures involving iron and magnesium Two distinctive cleavages at nearly 90 degrees Augite is the most common mineral in the pyroxene group
21 Classification of Minerals Common Silicate minerals Amphibole Group Double chain structures involving a variety of ions Two perfect cleavages exhibiting angles of 124 and 56 degrees Hornblende is the most common mineral in the amphibole group
22 Hornblende crystals
23 Classification of Minerals Common Silicate minerals Mica Group Sheet structures that result in one direction of perfect cleavage Biotite is the common dark colored mica mineral Muscovite is the common light colored mica mineral
24 Classification of Minerals Common Silicate minerals Feldspar Group Most common mineral group 3-dimensional framework of tetrahedra exhibit two directions of perfect cleavage at 90 degrees Orthoclase (potassium feldspar) and Plagioclase (sodium and calcium feldspar) are the two most common members
25 Potassium feldspar
26 Plagioclase feldspar
27 Classification of Minerals Common Silicate minerals Clay minerals Clay is a general term used to describe a variety of complex minerals Clay minerals all have a sheet or layered structure Most originate as products of chemical weathering
28 Classification of Minerals Important nonsilicate minerals Several major groups exist including Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Native Elements Carbonates Halides Phosphates
29 Classification of Minerals Important nonsilicate minerals Carbonates Primary constituents in limestone and dolostone Calcite (calcium carbonate) and Dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate) are the two most important carbonate minerals
30 Classification of Minerals Important nonsilicate minerals Many nonsilicate minerals have economic value Examples Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore) Halite (halide mined for salt) Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc ore) Native Copper (native element mined for copper)
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