Quality milk production. How to avoid antibiotic failures
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1 Quality milk production How to avoid antibiotic failures
2 Contents Introduction 3 What are antibiotics and how do they work? 4 Why antibiotic failure is a real issue on your farm 5 What you need to do 7 Routine procedure 7 Emergency procedure 10 This booklet and the information within are intended as a guide only. It is available in pdf and printed copy format from DairyCo. DairyCo seeks to ensure that the information contained within this publication is accurate. However, DairyCo shall not in any event be liable for loss, damage or injury howsoever suffered directly or indirectly in relation to information contained within this publication, and no liability will be accepted for errors or omissions. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the DairyCo.
3 Introduction This booklet is designed to help you and your farm staff establish procedures that eliminate the risk of antibiotic residues entering the food chain, maintain the clean image of milk and maximise returns. It also contains a section on what to do if you think antibiotic contamination has taken place. At present there is an EU maximum level of antibiotic residues permitted in milk of iu per ml that s the equivalent of approximately 1g of penicillin in 250,000 litres of milk. Above this level milk is deemed unfit for human consumption. However, the majority of milk buyers reject milk for human consumption whenever antibiotic residues are detected. Milk buyers have their own procedures to minimise the risk of antibiotic residues entering the food chain. Milk samples are normally taken during each collection and stored at the dairy. In the event of a tanker failure this enables the milk buyer to easily identify the responsible producer. 3
4 What are antibiotics and how do they work? Antibiotics are used to combat infections, by reducing bacterial numbers to a level where the cow s own immune system can take over. In dairy cows the most commonly used form of antibiotic is the intra-mammary tube, used for the treatment of mastitis. Digestible antibiotics either for the treatment of mastitis or other diseases must also be considered. It is useful to understand the difference between those used for cows in milk and dry cows. All antibiotics used in food producing animals have a statutory withdrawal period to prevent residues entering the food supply chain via milk, meat or other animal products. Although dry cow and lactating cow tubes contain a similar amount of antibiotic, the carriers are usually different. In dry cow tubes the carrier releases the antibiotic very slowly, whereas in the lactating cow tubes the opposite occurs. Dry cow tubes have varying lengths of persistence, from seven days to 14 weeks. After a cow calves, any remaining antibiotics in her udder are rapidly excreted within the first few milkings. It is crucial to observe the correct withhold time before allowing milk from new calvers into the tank. 4
5 Why antibiotic failure is a real issue on your farm Financial Milk buyers normally apply severe financial penalties if antibiotic residues are detected in milk. Many will pay only 1ppl for milk. Some buyers will pay nothing for that day s consignment. It is also likely that any losses incurred by the buyer through having to discard the contaminated milk will be passed back to the producer. This could involve loss of the whole tanker load. Protect consumer health Antibiotic residues entering the food chain can cause severe allergic reactions in some people and it has been suggested could possibly increase antibiotic resistance against certain strains of bacteria. Without doubt, it is essential to avoid such serious consequences. To safeguard the excellent image of milk This is critical for everybody involved in the dairy industry. A strong belief in the integrity of our product means the consumer will continue to buy dairy products. To prevent losses to milk processors Traces of antibiotic residues can have detrimental effects on the production of a variety of dairy products, including cheese and yogurt. To comply with dairy regulations It is a legal requirement that all milk sold should be free of contaminants. 5
6 A Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) is set for all antibiotic products. This is the maximum concentration of residues that is legally permitted and acceptable under EU law. Dairies generally use a routine sampling approach to test for the presence of antibiotic residues. As a consequence a bulk tank sample may be tested at every collection. Potential sources of residues in milk Lactating cow intra-mammary products Dry cow intra-mammary products (dry cow tubes) Antibiotic injections Teat disinfectants and antibiotic creams Intrauterine pessaries and wash out solutions. Potential reasons for antibiotic contamination Poor communication between staff Poor treatment records Accidental transfer of contaminated milk Failure to withhold milk for the full withdrawal period Off-label use and/or antibiotics used in combination and incorrect withdrawal period applied Jar contamination Accidental milking of dry cows Mechanical failure or leaking valves Treated cows poorly identified Recently bought in cows Milk withheld from treated quarter only Lack of clear advice or instructions on the withhold period Prolonged excretion of antibiotics Overriding of automated systems. 6
7 What you need to do You need to draw up two plans of action to prevent antibiotic contamination of your milk routine and emergency. Establish procedures and make sure all your staff are aware of what they need to do. Routine procedure Prepare a written plan This should be done in consultation with your vet and milk buyer Make sure everyone knows what to do Communication is vital. Everyone who milks the cows or administers medicinal products should follow the same well defined instructions Make sure all cows in the herd are clearly identified Cows need to be quickly and easily identified in the parlour The same type of identification (eg, freeze brand or large plastic ear tags) should be used for all cows New cows entering the herd should be given an appropriate identification as soon as possible All medication must be administered following the instructions from your vet Always follow the directions on the label, box and/or data sheet, unless specifically advised otherwise by your vet Take care to use the correct medicine for the correct disease Ensure the dose rate and method of administration (eg, in the muscle or under the skin) are correct Ensure a suitability skilled member of staff administers all medicines 7
8 There is a current requirement under the National Dairy Farm Assurance Scheme to have planned treatment protocols in place for the common diseases such as mastitis and lameness Clearly mark cows under treatment A distinctive mark such as a tail tape or spray applied to the legs or udder, that is clearly visible during the milking procedure, should be used to identify cows under treatment and from which milk must be withheld A reminder list of treated cows on the parlour wall (eg, on a blackboard) is also useful but this must be kept up-to-date Input milking machine into system Milk MUST be withheld for the specified withdrawal period whenever a medicine is used This applies to milk from all quarters If in any doubt about whether the milk is ready to re-enter the bulk supply, it is essential to carry out an antibiotic test. On farm kits are now readily available that allow you to test for antibiotic residues in milk. If necessary, your milk buyer may be able to advise you where a test can be carried out Treated cows should be milked last or with a separate bucket/ unit or system if their milk is unfit for human consumption A separate bucket/unit is the recommended option Units should be thoroughly rinsed with hot water after the treated cow is milked Butterfat on jars and in milk tubes from treated cows is a particular problem because it often contains traces of antibiotic. It can be removed by flushing with hot water Make sure milk from cows under treatment cannot leak into or contaminate the main milking plant Faulty valves or the accidental transfer of contaminated milk can cause this problem 8
9 All treatments must be recorded in a medicines book There is a legal requirement to record details of the cow identity and numbers treated, date of administration, name of medicine, total quantity of medicine used (size and number of doses given), date when milk (and meat) becomes fit for human consumption, identity of person responsible for giving the medicine and the name and address of supplier It is also recommended to record the withdrawal period of milk (and meat), the batch numbers of medicines used and expiry dates Store medicines in a locked cabinet This is important to prevent any possible mis-use of medicines that could be a threat to your milk supply Withhold and test the milk from a cow whenever there is any reason to suspect antibiotic residues may be present The dry cow therapy withdrawal period must always be observed If a cow calves early it is recommended that its milk is tested for antibiotic residues. An alternative is to wait for the full specified withdrawal period Take care with off-label use Always follow instructions for each medicine because this ensures withdrawal periods are safe. Medicines should only be used off-label (outside manufacturers recommendations) in consultation with your vet, who will advise you of how much longer the milk withdrawal period should be An extra tube of the same medicine, beyond the recommended dose rate, is considered as off-label use All cows treated with off-label antibiotic regimes should have the milk tested before it is included in the bulk supply 9
10 Emergency procedure What to do if you suspect contamination has taken place Stop milking at once Try to prevent the contaminated milk reaching the bulk supply Contact your milk buyer immediately Your milk buyer will inform you of the steps you need to take. This is likely to start with testing of your bulk tank milk It is then important that you identify the potential source of the antibiotic contamination and take steps to avoid a repeat of the problem. If you need help with this, liaise with your milk buyer and veterinary surgeon Write down everything you did as soon as possible Wash areas of the plant affected Before starting to milk again clean the milking plant by using the full wash routine recommended by the manufacturer Make sure the telephone number of your milk buyer is always to hand 10
11 DairyCo s mission is to promote world class knowledge to British dairy farmers so they can profit from a sustainable future and will focus on four specific areas: The provision of a world-class information service Helping dairy farmers meet and manage environment needs and regulatory requirements Helping promote the positive perception of dairy farming with the general public The development of DairyCo towards a self-sustaining model. Regional DairyCo extension officers run a number of activities, across the country and throughout the year, demonstrating the practical implications of DairyCo-funded work. For details of events, watch the post and local press, contact your local extension officer, see the website or call the office on The publications section of the website also contains a number of comprehensive tools and packages to help milk producers make informed decisions about their daily business. 11
12 AHDB Stoneleigh Park Kenilworth Warwickshire CV8 2TL T: F: E: DairyCo is a division of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. Additional copies of literature are available on request from the DairyCo Publications Department on or publications@dairyco.org.uk. February 2010
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