WORLD WAR I T H E G R E A T W A R

Transcription

1 WORLD WAR I T H E G R E A T W A R

2 SPARK THAT IGNITES THE POWDER KEG June 28 th : Francis Ferdinand assassinated at Sarajevo Ferdinand was the Heir to the Austria- Hungary throne

3 BLACK HAND STRIKES Black Hand was a secret society that was fighting for Independence in Serbia Gavrilo Princip shot the Archduke and his wife

4 REACTION TO THE ASSASSINATION Archduke was on a mission to display power to the newly independent Serbia Europe initially condemned the assassination Austria did not react instead consulted with their ally German Keiser William II assured Austria they had Germany s support even if it meant war

5 AUSTRIA DELIVERS AN ULTIMATUM July 23, 1914 Austria delivers an ultimatum to Serbia Either submit to Austrian rule or a state of war will exist between the two countries Serbia had 48 hrs to comply With 5 min left Serbia responded The Austrians refused the counter offer and on July 28, 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia

6 EUROPE S OPINION CHANGES While initially supporting Austria other countries in Europe soon changed their position when Austria took so long to respond Russia who supported Austria changed their allegiance France and Britain also sided with Serbia after hearing the harsh terms of the surrender

7 EUROPEAN ALLIANCES IN 1914 Triple Alliance (bad guys) Austria-Hungary Germany Italy Triple Entente (good guys) Russia England France

8 ESCALATION TO WAR Austria mobilizes her army, partially Russia responds coming to the aid of Serbia and Czar Nicolas II orders Russia to mobilize Germany in response to Russia sends and ultimatum to stop mobilization Russia ignores ultimatum and August 1, 1914 Germany declares war on Russia

9 FRANCE IS DRAWN IN Keiser William II needed to find out Frances Intentions France was allies with Russia Plans were to defeat France then turn to Russia Germany feared France would stab them in the back if they attacked Russia Germany issued an ultimatum to France France responded by saying they will do what is best for France and that is support their allies France began to Mobilize and Germany declared war on France August 3, 1914

10 ENGLAND ENTERS Germany advanced on France through Belgium This angered the English England delivered an ultimatum to Germany demanding the withdraw from Belgium August 4, 1914 England declared war on Germany English mobilized on the side of the Entente bringing their full empire into the war Australia, Canada, New Zealand and India

11 ITALY AND THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE The Italian government told the German government that they did not have to adhere to the Triple Alliance because Germany had started an offensive war. The conditions of the Triple Alliance stated that Italy had to fight if two or more countries attacked Germany or Austria-Hungary. In this case, Germany declared war on Russia and France not the other way around. Therefore, Italy did not have to go to war and declared herself neutral.

12 THE REST OF THE WORLD TAKES SIDES Triple Alliance (bad guys) Austria-Hungary Germany Italy (out neutral) Ottoman Empire /Turkey Bulgeria Triple Entente (good guys) Russia England (British Empire) Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, India Australia France Serbia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Portugal, Japan,

13 WORLD AT WAR When mobilization finally was completed by all the warring nations, over 400 divisions, about 6,500,000 men were ready to fight on land. In addition, another half million men were in the various navies of the world. The war also brought over one billion people in the various countries into the war. The great adventure would soon turn out to be a horrible slaughter

14 THE FIGHTING BEGINS August 23, 1914 Germany invades France Britain is forced to evacuate at Mons

15 troops of the German 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Armies chased the Allied troops in the direction of Paris, (26 and 29 August 1914).

16 German Soldier Advancing

17 BRITISH MACHINE GUN CREW

18 GERMANY IS FIVE MILES FROM PARIS

19 TRENCH WARFARE ON THE WESTERN FRONT October 1914 the Armies begin to dig in and develop a series of trenches on each side Advances and bombardments begin to become the standard form of warfare Men would live in the trenches and fought each other often Hand to Hand

20 SOLDIERS PICKING LICE FROM CLOTHES

21 RESTING BETWEEN BATTLES

22 STANDING WATCH

23 ADVANCING THROUGH BARBED WIRE

24 WORLD WAR I SAW MANY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES Germany used Zeppelins to conduct air raids Also used U Boats to stop Shipping The Machine Gun Chemical Weapon Tanks Airplanes

25 ZEPPELIN RAIDERS

26 GERMAN U BOATS

27 MACHINE GUN

28 CHEMICAL WEAPONS

29 TANKS

30 AIRPLANES

31 ALLIES INVADE GARAPOLLI On November 25th 1914, Winston Churchill suggested his plan for a new war front in the Dardanelles near Turkey The Turks had joined the Central Powers in November 1914 Plan was to create a third front to split Germany even more

32 PLANNING THE ATTACK British troops in Egypt were put on alert Churchill had contacted head of the British fleet anchored off of the Dardanelles Admiral Carden cautious about this and replied to Churchill that a gradual attack might be better Churchill insisted on an all out assult

33 February 19th 1915, Carden opened up the attack on Turkish positions in the Dardanelles Initial attacks went well. The outer forts at Sedd-el-Bahr and Kum Kale fell. However, more stern opposition was found in the Straits THE ATTACK

34 THE BATTLE CONTINUES Once in the Straits the British suffered a devastating counter attack Three battleships were sunk and three disabled This was 2/3 of the british Battleships

35 BRITISH RE ORGANIZE AND LAND The 29th Division would land on five small beaches at the southern end of the peninsula The British were caught in the fire of well dug-in Turkish machine gunners. Many British troops could not get ashore and were killed at sea.

36 BATTLESHIP FIRING ON SHORE POSITIONS

37 SHELLING BEACH POSITIONS

38 TURKISH TROOPS RESTING

39 BRITISH TROOPS LANDING

40 DEFEAT OF THE BRITISH The overall campaign was a disaster of the first order. Over 200,000 Allied casualties occurred with many deaths coming from disease. The number of Turkish deaths is not clear but it is generally accepted that they were over 200,000 December 19 British were forced to evacuate

41 CHRISTMAS TRUCE, DECEMBER 24, 1914 All fighting stopped and the two sides came together in celebration of the Christmas Spirit German and British soldiers fighting in Flanders got together, sang Christmas carols, played soccer and exchanged gifts. Initiated by the Germans singing

42 THE LUSITANIA

43 FATEFUL VOYAGE Lusitania sailed on May 1st 1915 from New York bound for Liverpool. As the Lusitania had sailed from New York, she had on board American civilians and in 1915 America was neutral in World War One. German Embassy warned that any ship that sailed into the "European War Zone" was a potential target for German submarines

44 GERMAN U BOATS On May 4th. Around this time, the U-boat U20 appeared off the Irish coast off the Old Head of Kinsdale. U20 was captained by Kapitän-leutnant Schwieger. In all, there were about 15 German U boats in the "European War Zone" -

45 SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA May 7th, the Lusitania came into sight of U20 The first torpedo was fired at The Lusitania took only eighteen minutes to sink It is though it was carrying a store of ammunition to help the war effort Shot hits starboard side right behind bridge. An unusually heavy detonation follows with a strong explosion cloud..." Schwieger noted later "great confusion on board... they must have lost their heads."

46 NEW YORK TIMES

47 WAR PROPAGANDA The British propaganda machine went into overdrive condemning the sinking as an act of piracy.

48 MORE PROPAGANDA Germans gave an informal assurance to President Wilson of America, that there would be no repeat of the Lusitania and the 'sink on sight' policy was called off on September 18th 1915

49 U.S. FINALLY ENTERS THE WAR America entered World War One on April 6th, Initially tried to trade with both sides British Blockades limited this German U boat attacks pushed the U.S. into the war

50 GERMANY AND RUSSIA During the War Russia went through a political transformation and became the U.S.S.R. or Soviet Union December 5, 1917 Armistice is called between U.S.S.R. Russian people wanted to focus on the home front and the war was a huge drain on their economy and male population March 3, 1917 The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed between Russia and Germany

51 END OF THE WAR After the tide begins to turn with the American joining Germany Sues for peace October 4, 1918 November 14,An Armistice is called and all fighting stops During this time Keiser William abdicates his throne The parties meet at Versailles and discuss terms for post war Europe

52 CASUALTIES OF WAR World War One had left Europe devastated. Those countries that had fought in it, had suffered casualties never experienced before: Britain : 750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000 wounded France : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 wounded Belgium : 50,000 soldiers killed Italy : 600,000 soldiers killed Russia : 1,700,000 soldiers killed America : 116,000 soldiers killed Those who had fought against the Allies suffered heavy casualties as well: Germany: 2,000,000 soldiers killed Austria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killed Turkey : 325,000 soldiers killed Bulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killed The total deaths of all nations who fought in the war is thought to have been 8.5 million with 21 million being wounded.

53 TREATY OF VERSAILLES Signed on June 28th 1919 Terms were created by the Big Three France, Britain and America Germany was left out of talks Under the treaty Germany had to Scuttle her navy Reduce her army to 100,000 and no tanks or planes Admit to causing the war Pay reparations for the war Treaty also tried to create the League of Nations

54 WILSONS FOURTEEN POINTS 1. There should be no secret alliances between countries 2. Freedom of the seas in peace and war 3. The reduction of trade barriers among nations 4. The general reduction of armaments 5. The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers 6. The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the society of nations 7. The restoration of Belgian territories in Germany 8. The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine 9. The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of nationality 10. Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary 11. The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia 12. Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all nations through the Dardanelles 13. Independence for Poland, including access to the sea 14. A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike

55 FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS The League was created but the U.S. did not join Congress blocked the vote along a party vote With out the U.S. the League did not have any power and failed to deal with the rise of the Fascist in the 1930 s This led to the outbreak of World War II