Regulation. I. Human Nervous System. I. Human Nervous System. Types of neurons. remember stimulus NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

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1 Regulation involves the and of all life functions humans use two systems that respectively use nervous and chemical control to maintain NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM I. Human Nervous System cerebrum remember stimulus cerebellum response are bundles of neurons all linked together (like a cable) there are three types of spinal cord cervical thoracic lumbar femoral sciatic tibial I. Human Nervous System Types of neurons (from senses) signal direction (brain & spinal cord) signal direction (to muscle)

2 Types of neurons A. Sensory Neurons: pick up (changes in the environment) Types of neurons B. Interneurons (a.k.a. Associative Neurons): relay the impulses from the sensory from (sense organs) transmit the (electro-chemical signal) to the neurons to the of (muscles and glands) located mainly in the (which together make up the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CNS) C. Motor Neurons: REMEMBER: The impulse is part electricity and part chemicals. The chemical part of the impulse are the different neurotransmitters which travel in the spaces (synapses) between neurons! Pathway of a Response THE REFLEX ARC II. The Central Nervous System cerebrum 1) The Brain cerebellum a large mass of neurons spinal cord located in our cranial cavity (that is, our head!) has three major divisions, each having its own specific functions cervical thoracic lumbar femoral sciatic tibial

3 A.Cerebrum: the center of (stuff you can control), such as motor activities the messages from receptors are interpreted here site of B. Cerebellum: C. Medulla: Evolution of vertebrate brain Shark Spinal cord Frog Hind: Medulla oblongata Hind: Cerebellum Optic tectum Midbrain Fore: Cerebrum Olfactory tract Crocodile Bird Cat Human II. The Central Nervous System 2) Spinal Cord cerebrum lies within the of cerebellum the spinal column, which spinal cord protects it is continuous (connected) with the brain smaller branch out of the spinal cord are part of the cervical thoracic lumbar femoral sciatic tibial

4 Reflexes rapid response automated signal only goes to spinal cord advantage blinking balance pupil dilation startle III. Malfunctions of Nervous System 1) Cerebral Palsy a disease that affects caused by an injury to the brain near birth 2) Meningitis an inflammation of the caused by an infectious agent (bacterial or viral) III. Malfunctions of Nervous System 3) Stroke a condition that results from a cerebral hemorrhage ( ) or a blood clot which may result in III. Malfunctions of Nervous System 4) Polio and is preventable through immunization 5) Spinal Cord Injuries cerebrum cerebellum spinal cord cervical thoracic lumbar femoral sciatic tibial

5 IV. Human Endocrine System consists of a number of which are located throughout the body the glands have which affect specific tissues hormones travel around the body dissolved in IV. Human Endocrine System Hormone Action Hormones work on cells/tissues based on! target cell Regulation By Specific Messengers released by neurons release by endocrine glands axon endocrine gland secreting cell (in gland) can t read signal nontarget cells can t read signal receptor proteins receptor proteins target cell

6 Negative Feedback Response to changed body condition if body is high or low from normal level: once body is back to normal level, signal is turned off high specific body condition Nervous Example of Negative Feedback constricts surface blood vessels brain high shiver signals body temperature signals sweat low brain dilates surface blood vessels Endocrine Example of Negative Feedback V. Different Endocrine Glands hormone 1 gland lowers body condition high specific body condition low raises body condition gland hormone 2

7 A. Hypothalamus even though it is part of the central nervous system, it communicates with the endocrine system master control center hormones hormones B. Pituitary Gland also located in the brain (activated by the hypothalamus) produces many hormones 1) growth-stimulating hormone (hgh) 2) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 3) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) hormones hormones C. Thyroid Gland located in the neck region (surrounding the trachea) produces, and iodine containing hormone that D. Parathyroid Gland found in the back of the thyroid produces, which controls calcium levels, proper functioning, and blood clotting E. Adrenal Gland two small glands on the top of the secretes (which increases ) from the medulla also secretes a steroid hormone from the cortex

8 F. The Islets of Langerhans produce the hormones and (which have opposite effects) INSULIN promotes the storage of excess glucose (a monosaccharide) to glycogen (a polysaccharide) in the liver GLUCAGON stimulates the coversion of glycogen (a polysaccharide) to glucose DIABETES Endocrine System Control Regulation of Blood Sugar insulin pancreas high blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) low liver G. Gonads the sex glands MALE the testes secrete, which FEMALE the ovaries, which secrete, which pancreas liver glucagon