Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in New York State
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1 Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in New York State Town of Bethlehem Deer and Tick-borne Diseases Committee Meeting June 3 rd 2014 Melissa Prusinski Research Scientist and Laboratory Supervisor New York State Department of Health Bureau of Communicable Disease Control Vector Ecology Laboratory
2 Tick Bio 101: Hard-bodied ticks Taxonomic family: Ixodidae 4 life stages: Egg, Larva, Nymph, and Adult Each active life-stage must feed once on blood in order to develop into the next life-stage.
3 Ticks in New York State: 30 species of ticks 10 species commonly bite humans 4 species can transmit diseases Deer tick Ixodes scapularis Lone Star tick Amblyomma americanum American Dog tick Dermacentor variabilis Woodchuck tick Ixodes cookei
4 Tick-borne Diseases in NY: Disease (causative agent) Reported NY Cases * Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) 57,047 Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) 2,784 Babesiosis (Babesia microti) 2,596 Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis) 693 Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) 179 Powassan encephalitis (Powassan virus or Deer Tick virus) 18 Tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia miyamotoi) 5 ** Tularemia (Fransicella tularensis) 4 * Reported to the NYSDOH by medical providers and clinical laboratories ** Identified in a NYSDOH retrospective study of patients screening negative for anaplasmosis
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6 The Deer tick can potentially transmit 5 diseases: (in New York State) Lyme disease Most common tick-borne disease in New York State (and the nation) Babesiosis Expanding northward in NY Anaplasmosis Expanding north and westward in NY Powassan encephalitis (Deer Tick virus/dtv) Emerging pathogen, sporadic cases Tick-borne Relapsing Fever (Borrelia miyamotoi) Emerging pathogen, sporadic cases identified retrospectively no commercial lab test available
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15 Most Lyme cases acquired thru the bite of a nymph
16 The Seasonal Life cycle of the Deer tick*: * CT Agricultural Experimental Field Station
17 Deer tick questing How a Deer tick finds and attaches to a host they do not jump, fly or drop out of trees
18 Common (and important) hosts of the Deer tick: Mice, chipmunks, shrews, and other small mammals larvae and nymphs adult ticks white-tailed deer
19 Integrated Tick Management for control of Ixodes scapularis Personal protection Landscape management Management of host abundance Host-targeted acaricides Area application acaricides Biological control
20 Personal protection:
21 Personal protection: Correct Tick Removal Technique: Skin Grasp tick with tweezers, as close to the skin as possible (i.e. by the mouthparts or head of the tick) Pull slowly, with a constant motion away from the skin (perpendicular to skin surface) Skin STOP Do not use petroleum jelly, gasoline, lit match or cigarette, nail polish or any other method. You may be increasing your risk of acquiring a tick-borne disease!
22 Landscape management: * CT Agricultural Experimental Field Station
23 Landscape management: Before After * CT Agricultural Experimental Field Station
24 Landscape management: Before After * CT Agricultural Experimental Field Station
25 Management of host abundance: Eliminate bird feeders or relocate to distant area of yard (reduce mice) Use of deer fencing (excludes deer)
26 Host-targeted acaricides: Deer may harbor hundreds of ticks, transporting and dispersing them over many miles!
27 Host-targeted acaricides: Small mammals serve as hosts to hundreds of immature ticks. Many infected nymphs and adult ticks result if the mouse is carrying B. burgdorferi.
28 Host-targeted acaricides: 4 Poster deer feeding station applies pesticide as deer eat Maxforce Baitbox applies pesticide to rodents as they go through a maze to locate bait inside
29 Area application acaricides: Target tick hot-spots : edges of lawns & woods in May/early June for nymphs & October for adult I. scapularis
30 Biological control: Minute parasitic wasp (Ixodiphagus hookeri) parasitizes I. scapularis, but usefulness is limited. Engorged I. scapularis susceptible to certain nematodes; but to sensitive to autumn temps. Some birds (chickens, guinea fowl, etc.) will eat ticks Entomopathogenic fungi most promising, some (Beauveria bassiana & Metarhizium anisopliae) pathogenic to I. scapularis.
31 Future Option? Reservoir Targeted Vaccination of Mice OspA-based oral vaccine 5-year field trial 23% reduction in nymphal infection prevalence by year 2 76% reduction by year 5 Richer et al Reservoir Targeted Vaccine Against Borrelia burgdorferi: A New Strategy to Prevent Lyme Disease Transmission. Journal of Infectious Diseases
32 Resources: Stafford, K.C. Tick Management Handbook, an integrated guide for homeowners, Pest control operators, and public health officials for the prevention of tick-associated Disease. Cornell Coorperative Extension of Suffolk County. Integrated Pest Management for the Deer Tick. Curtis, P.D. et al Shelter Island and Fire Island 4-poster Deer and Tick Study Final Report Questions?
20 Years of Tick Control: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going? Robert A. Jordan, Ph.D. September 22, 2011
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