The physics behind RFID

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1 The physics behind RFID RFID Journal University: Alan Thorne Presentation prepared by EasyEPC April 4,

2 Radio frequency identification

3 Multiple RFID tags and readers

4 Basic overview of RFID Fundamental principles and terminology Electromagnetic radiation Radio communication Antennas How RFID works Basic operation Passive, semi-passive and active Tags and readers Alternative forms of RFID Radio frequency identification

5 Electromagnetic radiation Propagation of energy, in the form of a wave Nature can be altered Frequency Amplitude

6 Electromagnetic radiation Nature of EM radiation first studied in 19th Century Maxwell, Hertz and others Power in Watts NB different ways of measuring Watts! Frequency in Hertz or wavelength in m Think in terms of EM spectrum wavelength wavelength = speed/frequency speed = 300,000,000 ms -1 eg freq = 918,000,000 Hz (918MHz)

7 Grouped into bands Electromagnetic spectrum

8 Radio waves Several bands have similar properties between them Band designation LF low frequency MF medium frequency HF high frequency VHF very high frequency UHF ultra high frequency SHF super high frequency Frequency kHz 300kHz 3MHz 3 30MHz MHz 300MHz 3GHz 3 30GHz Wavelength 10 1km m m 10m 1m 1m 0.1m m

9 Radio communication Transmitter and receiver Electronics plus antenna Transfer of: Information Energy Often have transceivers Transmitter Antenna Receiver

10 Modulation air interface physical layer protocol Many different techniques AM, FM, Manchester, bi-phase May use several simultaneously Radio communication

11 Radio communication is either near-field or far-field Two very different mechanisms for EM comms Can think of as electromagnetic vs magnetic Based on distance of communication wrt frequency used Far-field (electromagnetic) Long distances or high frequencies (e.g. UHF) More sensitive to environment (e.g. metal, water) Near-field (magnetic) Short distances and low frequencies (e.g. LF or HF)

12 Basic overview of RFID Fundamental principles and terminology Electromagnetic radiation Radio communication Antennas How RFID works Basic operation Passive, semi-passive and active Tags and readers Alternative forms of RFID Radio frequency identification

13 Antennas Antenna is critical to operation Transmit and receive antennas Equally important Antenna form factor (size, shape) varies Near and far field are different In far-field, wavelength is important wavelength/2 wavelength = 300M ms -1 /915MHz = 300,000,000/915,000,000 = 33cm

14 Radiation patterns, range and reliability Antennas are usually directional Transmit or receive energy in particular direction Can map the radiation pattern

15 Radiation patterns, range and reliability Theoretical complexities Practical effects Nulls Near-field example

16 Radiation patterns, range and reliability Theoretical complexities Practical effects Nulls Far-field example

17 Far-field antenna polarisation Two types of far-field antenna Linearly polarised Circularly polarised Linear Energy radiates in a fixed linear fashion Gives rise to greatest ranges Tends to generate a narrow beam Requires alignment of both transmit and receive antennas

18 Far-field antenna polarisation Two types of far-field antenna Linearly polarised Circularly polarised Circular Energy radiates in a rotating fashion Tends to generate a wider beam Reduced range Alignment of antennas less critical Works better in presence of multipath and scattering

19 Multiple antennas Transceiver may have more than one antenna Uses a multiplexer to switch between them Only one can be used at a time Can increase coverage

20 Multiple antennas Transceiver may have more than one antenna Uses a multiplexer to switch between them Only one can be used at a time Can increase coverage Can increase reliability Overcome nulls Help with antenna alignment

21 Basic overview of RFID Fundamental principles and terminology Electromagnetic radiation Radio communication Antennas How RFID works Basic operation Passive, semi-passive and active Tags and readers Alternative forms of RFID Radio frequency identification

22 Multiple tags and multiple readers Need to prevent collisions When two simultaneous transmissions interfere Singulate tags using anti-collision protocol Probabalistic approaches Deterministic, reader querying (tree-walking) Singulated tags become silent

23 Multiple tags and multiple readers Need to prevent collisions When two simultaneous transmissions interfere Singulate tags using anti-collision protocol Probabalistic approaches Deterministic, reader querying (tree-walking) Singulated tags become silent Reader anti-collision needed too Listen-before-talk Frequency hopping (spread spectrum)

24 What s in an RFID tag? Chip Tag = chip + antenna + substrate Contains the electronic circuitry on a small piece of silicon May be 1mm 2 down to 1/100 th mm 2 (size of a grain of sand!) Also called silicon chip, integrated circuit (IC), nanoblock Contains separate parts to do Power collection and supply Logic to process information from reader and construct replies Circuits to perform communication with the reader Memory to store identity and other information

25 What s in an RFID tag? Antenna Conductive; usually metal foil (e.g. copper) In far-field, takes the form of a ½ wavelength dipole In near-field, is a loop of 3-10 turns Dominant in determining the size of the complete tag Susbstrate Tag = chip + antenna + substrate Plastic or paper film Acts as physical medium for attaching chip and antenna

26 What s in an RFID reader? Reader = case + electronics + power supply + antenna Electronics Host computer interface serial and/or ethernet Microcontroller circuitry RF transmitter, receiver and antenna switch Antenna Internal antenna and/or external antenna ports Power supply Battery or mains transformer

27 Types of reader Multi protocol, multi frequency Support for different air interfaces and different operating freqs Wireless Use separate wireless communication to host computer Unlikely to re-use circuitry If mains powered then not truly wireless, but easier to install Handheld Most likely wireless, or requiring periodic synchronisation Label printer/applicator Automatically applies self-adhesive RFID tags to cases etc Most likely prints visible information as well (barcode and human)

28 Radio frequency identification Basic overview of RFID Fundamental principles and terminology Electromagnetic radiation Radio communication Antennas How RFID works Basic operation Passive, semi-passive and active Tags and readers Alternative forms of RFID

29 Alternative types of RFID Presentation has focussed on mainstream RFID Will always be variations between different systems Many aspects simplified in order to help explain them Alternative approaches already exist, and more will be developed Resonant, LC tags Similar technology to EAS security tags Limited data storage capacity No capability for sophisticated functionality Cheap

30 Alternative types of RFID Magnetic Replace chip with layers of magnetic material Very cheap (<1c) Robust to high temperatures Limited data storage capacity No capability for sophisticated functionality Less range Limited ability to read multiple tags simultaneously

31 Alternative types of RFID Surface acoustic wave technology Replace complex silicon chip with SAW chip Much cheaper Tagging metals less problematic Robust to high temperatures Typically 2.5GHz operation, i.e. smaller antennas Truly simultaneous identification of multiple tags Limited data storage capacity No capability for sophisticated functionality More prone to interference

32 Radio frequency identification Basic overview of RFID Fundamental principles and terminology Electromagnetic radiation Radio communication Antennas How RFID works Basic operation Passive, semi-passive and active Tags and readers Alternative forms of RFID

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