World War I. Years: (4) Nicknamed: Great War The War to End All Wars 1

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1 World War I Years: (4) Nicknamed: Great War The War to End All Wars 1

2 Vocab to know Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism Trench Warfare Zimmerman Telegram Propaganda Rationing Alliances Reparations Unrestricted Sub Warfare Stalemate Fourteen Points Armistice No Man s Land Archduke Franz Ferdinand Woodrow Wilson Gavrilo Princip Black Hand League of Nations Lusitania 2

3 Essential Question How did the MAIN causes set the stage for WWI? 3

4 4 MAIN Causes of War Militarism: glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war Alliances: agreements or promises to defend/help another country 4

5 Imperialism: one nation directly/indirectly controls gov t/economy of another Goal: to expand its empire, more powerful Nationalism: deep devotion to one s country 5

6 Alliances during WWI Triple Entente (Allied Powers) 1. Great Britain 2. France 3. Russia Japan-few weeks later (Aug. 1914) Italy-1915 US-1917 Triple Alliance (Central Powers) 1. Germany 2. Austria-Hungary 3. Ottoman Empire Italy-1914 Bulgaria

7 STOP 7

8 Essential Question Summarize the spark that set WWI into motion. 8

9 The Spark Archduke visits Sarajevo, capital of Serbia On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary & his wife were assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, member of Black Hand: secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule 9

10 Why were the Serbs resentful towards Austria Hungary (motivation for the assassination? 10

11 Woodrow Wilson: US President during WWI declared the US would remain neutral: not taking a side in a conflict US stayed out of the war for 3 years (1917) 11

12 STOP 12

13 Essential Question Justify how Germany drew the US into WWI. 13

14 14

15 US entered WWI on April 2, 1917 because of two reasons 1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare 2. Zimmerman Telegram Us joined the Triple Entente (Allies) Why? Similar culture to France and Britain but also were trading partners 15

16 A. Sinking of the Lusitania Lusitania: British passenger liner attacked by German U-boats in waters by Ireland on May ,198 people died, 128 were Americans US urged Germany to give up their policy of unrestricted submarine warfare since it attacked innocent & neutral ships without warning 16

17 17

18 Bullets found in the hull of the Lusitania 18

19 President Wilson threatened sever diplomatic relations with Germany unless it refrained from attacking all vessels 1916 another boat, called the Sussex was sunk. Americans were outraged. Sussex Pledge: Germany s pledged to stop the unrestricted submarine warfare on May 4, Did the Pledge last? No 19

20 B. Zimmerman Telegram A Telegram sent from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to the German Ambassador in Mexico City Telegram promised the Mexican gov t that Germany would help it recover land from the US if they would join in a war against the US The British intercepted it & sent it to President Woodrow Wilson. 20

21 Why did the Zimmerman note motivate the US to enter the war? Germany was asking/bribing Mexico to declare war on the United States. telegram announced Germany was going to resume unrestricted submarine warfare 21

22 Zimmerman telegram-coded & decoded 22

23 23

24 STOP 24

25 Essential Question In what ways did countries use propaganda to support their involvement in WWI? 25

26 President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress for permission to enter the war. Soldiers and weapons were needed Rationing: system of limiting the amount of foods and materials The war improved the economy as jobs were created to help with the war E.G. 26

27 Support for the War Propaganda: one sided information designed to persuade, to keep up morale, and support for the war Some American propaganda described the Germans as bad, barbaric, dangerous governments censored control public opinion keep up spirits 27

28 28

29 How did propaganda cause the Us to enter the war? People only saw what the gov t wanted them to see Start believing what they saw & enraged Helped make people ready and willing to go to war 29

30 How did European nations such as France, Great Britain and Germany use propaganda? 30

31 STOP 31

32 Early Battles of WWI 32

33 33

34 Essential Question Analyze the outcome of major battles of WWI. 34

35 AUGUST 14-24, 1914 Battle of the Frontiers, France & Belgium (W. Front) Germany vs. France & Great Britain heavy losses on both sides Central Power victory: Germany won 35

36 AUGUST 26-30, 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, Poland One of first battles of WWI Russia vs. Germany Germans intercepted Russian battle plan-well prepared Central Power Victory: Germany won Eastern Front: border between Russia and Germany- Austria-Hungary-Romania 36

37 July1-Nov Battle of the Somme, France British & French armies attacked Germans along the Somme River in France 60,000 British killed, 40,000 injured in 1 day Central Powers Victory Later called the futile : no results 37

38 SEPTEMBER 1914 Battle of the Marne, Northern France Allies vs. Germany Allies won pushed Germany back Schlieffen Plan: German military plan at the outbreak of war -Germany s defeat at Marne forced it to abandon the plan and fight a two front war Western Front : across France from North Sea to Swiss border (between France/Belgium & Germany) 38

39 STOP 39

40 A New Kind of War 40

41 Essential question Describe the conditions of trench warfare that led to high casualties rates throughout WWI. 41

42 Trench Warfare Trench warfare: ditch dug in the ground to protect soldiers during war Resorted to when mobility was The first row had barbed wire: wire with sharp points that are evenly spaced Trenches typically had three layers of support: Traditional charge tactics were used 42

43 No man s land: open ground between the trenches where attacks took place Would become obsolete with advancement in airplanes, tanks & submarines during WWII 43

44 LIFE IN THE TRENCHES lived very close to other soldiers not much room Parallel: Each side had 2-4 sets of trenches dug in a zig zag pattern Why Zig Zag? 44

45 45

46 46

47 trenches could be miserable sometimes rainstorms trench foot sanitation lice & rats 47

48 Duck Boards (also known as trench boards) were a solution trench foot but didn t always solve the problem 48

49 STOP 49

50 New & powerful weapons 50

51 Essential Question How did technology change modern warfare? 51

52 1. MACHINE GUNS most commonly used Machine gun: fires ammunition automatically 52

53 2. Poison gas Germans were the first to use chlorine gas in 1915 different types of gases Bromacetone: blind or tear gas Chlorine Gas: choke Mustard: burn or blister Slowly suffocate Gases had limited value; wind Need for gas masks 53

54 54

55 55

56 3. TANKS Armored combat vehicle that moved on chain tracks could cross many types of terrain Introduced in 1916 (Battle of Somme) 56

57 4. AIRCRAFT Uses of aircraft: observe enemy positions armed with machine guns & bombs attacked battlefields & cities attacked enemy planes ( dogfights ) useful from beginning of war 57

58 58

59 5. SUBMARINES U-boat: German submarines used in WWI and WWII first country to use subs in war Short for undersea boat Torpedo: Primary weapon against ships Unrestricted submarine warfare: German submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain 59

60 6. Zeppelins Long tube-shaped body that was filled with highly flammable gas Move quickly in the air Easily damaged when hit by gunfire 60

61 STOP 61

62 THE WAR Is over 62

63 WWI comes to an end 63

64 Essential question Evaluate how the Allied victory & the Treaty of Versailles did not create long term international stability. 64

65 Differing Allied Goals- big four The allies were able to stop the German advance France, Georges Clemenceau punish Germany make Germany pay for costs of war Great Britain, David Lloyd George punish Germany don t weaken Germany wanted Germany to stop communism from spreading out of Russia 65

66 Italy, Vittorio Orlando wanted to gain territory -Italy was essentially ignored America, Woodrow Wilson - Fourteen Points: Wilson s plan for organizing post- World War I Europe & for avoiding future wars -reduction of weapons -right of all people to choose their own governments -organization for world s nations to join, to protect from future aggression 66

67 Treaty of Versailles Allies finally compromised on goals Treaty of Versailles was closer to Clemenceau s goals than Wilson s Germany had to accept the terms of the treaty 67

68 Treaty of Versailles The Unhappy compromise Signed June 28, 1919 in Versailles, France Germany was forced to: 1. pay reparations: compensation in money, payable by a defeated country to another for loss suffered during war 2. take full responsibility for conflict 3. return conquered land to France & Russia 4. give land for formation of new country of Poland 5. give colonies around world to various world powers 6. limit size of military 68

69 69

70 Treaty of Versailles 70

71 Armistice: cease-fire or making a truce, ended the war Signed on Nov. 11, Today known as Veteran s Day Wilson did get one thing he asked for: League of Nations: international association whose goals would be to keep peace among nations -Germany was excluded from the League -United States did not join because it might be forced to fight more foreign wars 71

72 United Nations: international organization organized among the world nations in 1945 Keep and maintain peace Develop friendly relations among nations World hunger, peace, illiteracy, civil rights 72

73 Nov. 11,

74 The Costs of War Human Costs -9 million soldiers died -21 million soldiers wounded -13 million civilians died -22 million people died from Spanish Flu Pandemic 74

75 Economic costs Economic Costs -France, Belgium, & Russia -farmland & cities were destroyed -countries started importing from different sources or develop own products -American & Japanese economies prospered -$338 billion = total cost of war 75

76 Essential Question Analyze the effect WWI had on the geographical boundaries in Europe. 76

77 Political Changes -communist revolution in Russia -monarchies in Austria-Hungary, Germany, & Ottoman Empire were overthrown 77

78 Geographical/Boundary Changes Russia and Germany lost land and colonies and new nations were created: Austria & Hungary was divided into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, & Yugoslavia Ottoman Empire was divided into 5 areas that were given to France and Britain: Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan, Syria and Lebanon 78

79 The Last Day of WWI 79

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