World War I. Chapter 11

Transcription

1 World War I Chapter 11

2 Causes of WWI Nationalism- pride for your country Imperialism- growth of empires/colonies Militarism- build up of the military Alliance system- treaties that force countries to enter war If country A is attacked, then countries B and C must come to their aid

3 Military Competition Germany and England competed to have stronger navies and militaries Other countries soon joined this arms race

4 Triple Entente (Allies) France, Britain, Russia, USA

5 Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany Austria Hungary Italy Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

6 Assassination Serbian Gavril Princip killed Austrian Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand Princip was a member of the terrorist group, The Black Hand Ignited the powder keg and started WWI

7 Alliance System at Work Russia declared war on AH to defend Serbia Germany declared war on Russia to defend AH Germany declared war on Russia s ally, France England declared war on Germany after it invaded Belgium

8 WWI War was fought in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East Heaviest concentration of fighting was in Europe War spread to other areas b/c of colonization

9 Schlieffen Plan August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium Split the German army in two One half invaded Belgium and then would invade France Other half would fight the Russians to the east and hold them off After defeating France and Belgium, both halves of the German army would combine to attack Russia

10 First Battle of the Marne (1914) Counterattack by British and French against the Germans Stopped the month long offensive by the Germans Set the stage for 4 years of trench warfare

11 Trench Warfare Used in WWI New kind of warfare 3 kinds of trenches Front line trench Support trench Reserve trench

12 Soldiers live, ate, slept in the trenches dugouts were built for command posts no man s land was between the trenches 25 yards to a mile wide Open flat land between the trenches No cover for soldiers as they advanced from trench to enemy trench

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16 1 st Battle for the Somme (1916) British had 60,000 casualties the first day 1.2 million casualties total for the battle Only 7 miles of land traded hands during the battle

17 Gallipoli (April 1915-Jan 1916) Major battle in Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Victory for the Ottomans

18 Most significant contribution to the war by the Australians Goal was to move inland, capture capital of Istanbul and have a sea route to Russia

19 2 nd battle of the Somme (1918) Last ditch offensive by the Germans against the Allies Was unsuccessful plan/attack by Germans Marked the beginning of the end of WWI

20 Russian Revolution (1917) Forced Russia to leave WWI Overthrew the gov t and killed the Czar and his family Result was a new communist government led by Vladimir Lenin

21 Zimmerman Note Telegram from Germany asking Mexico to attack US

22 Lusitania Cruise ship sunk by German submarines 130 Americans were killed Angered American gov t and people

23 British Blockade British ships blocked ships from getting to the German coast 750,000 Germans starved to death as a result

24 German U-Boats Submarines Used unrestricted warfare (any ship was fair game for attack)

25 1916 Election Woodrow Wilson runs for re-election Runs under slogan He kept us out of war Wilson did not want war, but wanted equal peace were the loser was not destroyed by the treaty

26 US Declares War April 1917 make the world safe for democracy President Wilson

27 Eddie Rickenbacker Famous US pilot of WWI Fought against the Red Baron -German pilot

28 Selective Service Act Passed in million men registered in a year 3 million men were used

29 New Weapons of WWI Poison gas Machine gun Airplane Tank Submarine (U-boat)

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35 Convoy System Used to protect ships on the sea Heavily armed ships would surround the cargo ships, protecting them

36 AEF American Expeditionary Force Led by General John Black Jack Pershing Soldiers known as doughboys

37 Alvin York US soldier Was a conscientious objector Killed 25 Germans and captured 132 almost single handedly From rural Tennessee

38 War Ends 11/11/1918 at 11am Germany surrendered Signed an armistice or cease fire

39 WWI Totals 22 million killed 20 million wounded 10 million refugees Cost $338 billion

40 US lost 42,000 in battle and 62,000 from disease 200,000 Americans wounded

41 War Industries Board Encouraged business to use mass production to increase efficiency

42 Daylight Savings Time Established in 1918

43 War Economy Costs and wages increased Stockholders in several companies saw record profits Dupont Company- profits rose 1600% during 1914 and 1918

44 Food Administration Set up to help conserve food for the war effort Rose the price on wheat and other item Farmers farmed 40 million more acres and increased income by 30%

45 War Financing $35.5 billion spent on the war (USA) Raised money through: Progressive income tax War profits tax Higher excise taxes Liberty Bonds and Victory bonds

46 Propaganda Committee on Public Information (CPI) was set up to influence people s thoughts about the war Used paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war

47 Anti-Immigrants People of German descent lost their jobs German wasn t taught in schools Books and music by Germans were not read and played Violence against German Americans

48 Espionage and Sedition Acts Thousands of Americans were punished and paid fines and were imprisoned as spies and traitors

49 Great Migration Large scale movement of hundred of thousands of African Americans up north More jobs up north Cotton crop was destroyed by bugs Escape racial discrimination

50 Women during WWI Took over the jobs men left while at war Helped support their effort for the right to vote 1919, 19 th amendment was passed and women got to vote

51 Flu Epidemic 30 million killed worldwide 500,000 Americans were killed

52 14 Points Speech President Wilson gave to Congress Listed 14 ways to end war, create peace, and sustain peace

53 1 st 5 points were how to prevent another world war Next eight points were about boundary changes Last point called for the creation of the League of Nations to fix diplomatic problems therefore preventing war

54 Treaty of Versailles Created 9 new nations and changed the size of others Barred Germany from maintaining an army Germany had to pay war reparations (war damages) $33 billion

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57 War guilt clause was part of treaty Germany lost its colonies in the Pacific Ocean Would have helped pay the war reparations

58 War Guilt Clause Part of the treaty of versailles Forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI

59 Problems with the League of Nations Many Americans thought it interfered with US policy of isolationism Keep to ourselves

60 Henry Cabot Lodge Conservative republican US senator who opposed the League of Nations

61 USA & League of nations USA never joined the League of nations Too many senators opposed the League of nations and would not sign the Versailles Treaty

62 US & Germany Treaty 1921, USA and Germany signed a separate treaty b/c Congress would not approve/sign the Treaty of Versailles

63 Effect of WWI on USA Strengthened US military and gov t Created social change (African Americans and women)

64 Effect of WWI on Europe Damaged social and political systems Enormous loss of life and destruction Communism and fascism grew out of WWI

65 War to End All Wars? Name for WWI at the time Treaty of Versailles settled nothing Treaty of Versailles made people more angry Laid the seed for Hitler and others like him to rise to power and cause WWII less than 20 years later