Principlism and the Applied Ethics of ECAs. Sabine A. Döring & Peter Goldie
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1 Principlism and the Applied Ethics of ECAs Sabine A. Döring & Peter Goldie
2 Principlism and the Applied Ethics of ECAs What we have done so far, and where do we stand now? From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis
3 Principlism and the Applied Ethics of ECAs What we have done so far, and where do we stand now? From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis Theoretical background: Principlism
4 Principlism and the Applied Ethics of ECAs What we have done so far, and where do we stand now? From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis Theoretical background: Principlism Applied ethics of ECAs: the example of CyberDoc
5 Principlism and the Applied Ethics of ECAs What we have done so far, and where do we stand now? From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis Theoretical background: Principlism Applied ethics of ECAs: the example of CyberDoc Moral ECAs
6 From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis
7 From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis Our Report on Ethical Audit 2004 (D0f) was meant to cover the first steps for the in-depth study of ethical issues which is part of the work programme of WP10.
8 From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis Our Report on Ethical Audit 2004 (D0f) was meant to cover the first steps for the in-depth study of ethical issues which is part of the work programme of WP10. Essential as this questionnaire method has been, it did however not leave room to explore the particular ethical frameworks of individual projects.
9 From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis Our Report on Ethical Audit 2004 (D0f) was meant to cover the first steps for the in-depth study of ethical issues which is part of the work programme of WP10. Essential as this questionnaire method has been, it did however not leave room to explore the particular ethical frameworks of individual projects. Rather than compiling a second, more in-depth questionnaire, we think it is now better for us to contact partners individually for the second step, using their answers to the questionnaire as a place to begin the discussion.
10 From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis The answers to the questionnaire indicate that we have to identify groups of research projects, the criterion being the specific ethical issues emerging from them.
11 From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis The answers to the questionnaire indicate that we have to identify groups of research projects, the criterion being the specific ethical issues emerging from them. Group 1 2 n A x Ethical Issue B x x m x x
12 From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis It may well emerge that, apart from general ethical standards covering the whole range of the HUMAINE project, we will need more specific standards or sets of ethical rules which apply only to particular groups.
13 From questionnaire method to group-wise analysis It may well emerge that, apart from general ethical standards covering the whole range of the HUMAINE project, we will need more specific standards or sets of ethical rules which apply only to particular groups. In addition to this, it may emerge that some ethical issues, of a nature particular to the HUMAINE project, will require to take the specificity of the particular case into account.
14 Theoretical background: Principlism
15 Theoretical background: Principlism The theoretical background of our group-wise analysis is provided by Tom L. Beauchamp s and James F. Childress s Principlism (see their book Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
16 Theoretical background: Principlism The theoretical background of our group-wise analysis is provided by Tom L. Beauchamp s and James F. Childress s Principlism (see their book Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). Beauchamp and Childress reconstruct the core of morality in terms of a Four Level Model where each level is characterised by one of the following principles: nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficance, and justice.
17 Theoretical background: Principlism The theoretical background of our group-wise analysis is provided by Tom L. Beauchamp s and James F. Childress s Principlism (see their book Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). Beauchamp and Childress reconstruct the core of morality in terms of a Four Level Model where each level is characterised by one of the following principles: nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficance, and justice. Principlism is one of the most influential approaches in socalled applied ethics.
18 Theoretical background: Principlism The theoretical background of our group-wise analysis is provided by Tom L. Beauchamp s and James F. Childress s Principlism (see their book Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). Beauchamp and Childress reconstruct the core of morality in terms of a Four Level Model where each level is characterised by one of the following principles: nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficance, and justice. Principlism is one of the most influential approaches in socalled applied ethics. This is so not least because, well-understood, Principlism sheds some light on the concept of application involved in the label applied ethics.
19 Theoretical background: Principlism It may seem as if application here means to apply a general ethical principle like the Utility Principle of Utilitarianism or Immanuel Kant s Categorical Imperative to a particular situation.
20 Theoretical background: Principlism It may seem as if application here means to apply a general ethical principle like the Utility Principle of Utilitarianism or Immanuel Kant s Categorical Imperative to a particular situation. One can always think of a particular situation in which the application of a general ethical principle clashes with moral intuitions that we all share (see, e.g., Bernard Williams' 'Critique of Utilitarianism').
21 Theoretical background: Principlism It may seem as if application here means to apply a general ethical principle like the Utility Principle of Utilitarianism or Immanuel Kant s Categorical Imperative to a particular situation. One can always think of a particular situation in which the application of a general ethical principle clashes with moral intuitions that we all share (see, e.g., Bernard Williams' 'Critique of Utilitarianism'). Before we can test whether a certain action is in accord with a certain ethical principle, we must first perceive the particular situation in the right way (see, e.g., Dancy, McDowell, Wiggins, Quante and Vieth, Döring).
22 Theoretical background: Principlism We take it that the basic model of Principlism is a concealed Perception Model (see also Quante and Vieth 2002).
23 Theoretical background: Principlism We take it that the basic model of Principlism is a concealed Perception Model (see also Quante and Vieth 2002). The principles which Beauchamp and Childress employ in their approach are very distinct from the Utility Principle and the Categorical Imperative.
24 Theoretical background: Principlism We take it that the basic model of Principlism is a concealed Perception Model (see also Quante and Vieth 2002). The principles which Beauchamp and Childress employ in their approach are very distinct from the Utility Principle and the Categorical Imperative. Above all, these principles are not first justified through a specific ethical theory in order that they can then be in a second step brought to bear on moral experience.
25 Theoretical background: Principlism We take it that the basic model of Principlism is a concealed Perception Model (see also Quante and Vieth 2002). The principles which Beauchamp and Childress employ in their approach are very distinct from the Utility Principle and the Categorical Imperative. Above all, these principles are not first justified through a specific ethical theory in order that they can then be in a second step brought to bear on moral experience. Instead, they are formed out of experience and in fact reveal a part of that experience.
26 Theoretical background: Principlism We take it that the basic model of Principlism is a concealed Perception Model (see also Quante and Vieth 2002). The principles which Beauchamp and Childress employ in their approach are very distinct from the Utility Principle and the Categorical Imperative. Above all, these principles are not first justified through a specific ethical theory in order that they can then be in a second step brought to bear on moral experience. Instead, they are formed out of experience and in fact reveal a part of that experience. They are rules of thumb, or prima facie duties, which reflect the core stock of moral beliefs held in common in a modern pluralistic world.
27 Theoretical background: Principlism In the face of the great diversity of moral outlooks found in the modern pluralistic world, Principlism filters out the core stock of uncontroversial, generally accepted ethical standards. This allows us to concentrate on the application of ethical standards to the concrete problems we encounter within HUMAINE, rather than getting stuck into abstract metaethical discourse.
28 Theoretical background: Principlism Principlism endows our ordinary moral experience (perception, intuition) with justificatory force. As Beauchamp and Childress emphasise, moral experience in general is a credible and trustworthy source of ethical knowledge (Beauchamp and Childress 2001, p. 400).
29 Theoretical background: Principlism Principlism endows our ordinary moral experience (perception, intuition) with justificatory force. As Beauchamp and Childress emphasise, moral experience in general is a credible and trustworthy source of ethical knowledge (Beauchamp and Childress 2001, p. 400). In that respect Principlism is very different from justification in the framework of a Utilitarian or Kantian ethics, where one always needs to infer what one ought to do in a given situation.
30 Theoretical background: Principlism Principlism endows our ordinary moral experience (perception, intuition) with justificatory force. As Beauchamp and Childress emphasise, moral experience in general is a credible and trustworthy source of ethical knowledge (Beauchamp and Childress 2001, p. 400). In that respect Principlism is very different from justification in the framework of a Utilitarian or Kantian ethics, where one always needs to infer what one ought to do in a given situation. Instead we arrive at the Aristotelian idea that getting things right in ethical matters is much more a matter of seeing things right than of intellectualist justification.
31 Theoretical background: Principlism Seeing things right is of course not restricted to moral philosophers, but is open to everyone, including every member of HUMAINE.
32 Theoretical background: Principlism The four principles of nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficance, and justice constitute the least common denominator of morality.
33 Theoretical background: Principlism The four principles of nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficance, and justice constitute the least common denominator of morality. Therefore it is clear that they can only cover cases where different moral systems of value converge. Hard cases are bound to arise in the context of Principlism where different moral systems diverge. In such cases we need to take the specificity of the particular case into account which requires us to start from our ethical intuitions and our perception of the particular case. This is again an Aristotelian idea, namely the idea of casuistry.
34 A HUMAINE ethics committee Against this theoretical background, we conclude that it is requisite to install a standing ethical committee.
35 A HUMAINE ethics committee Against this theoretical background, we conclude that it is requisite to install a standing ethical committee. The committee might be comprised perhaps of HUMAINE members and some outsiders, including psychologists and computer scientists as well as philosophers and lawyers.
36 A HUMAINE ethics committee General ethical standards Group A Group B Group n Set of ethical rules A Set of ethical rules B Set of ethical rules n Case by case evaluation by HU MAIN E Ethics Committee
37 A HUMAINE ethics committee no matter how thick the Handbook of Good Practice becomes, it will not be specific enough to cover all cases, nor can it anticipate all future cases General ethical standards Group A Group B Group n Set of ethical rules A Set of ethical rules B Set of ethical rules n Case by case evaluation by HU MAIN E Ethics Committee
38 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc
39 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc As a first step towards the clustering scheme we are proposing we single out ECAs which register, model, and influence emotions in real life circumstances.
40 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc As a first step towards the clustering scheme we are proposing we single out ECAs which register, model, and influence emotions in real life circumstances. artificial emotional agents classic research ECAs avatars registering, modelling, and influencing real life laboratory
41 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc Why is this ethically relevant?
42 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc First, CyberDoc intervenes into the private sphere of both the patient and his wife. He informs the wife about an emotional state of her husband which he might want to hide from her. And he ascertains data about the wife without requesting her consent: on the basis of the husband s emotional reaction her remark is revealed as insulting. Thus we are here concerned with issues of data protection and privacy.
43 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc Secondly, by taking advantage of his supposed medical authority and expertise, CyberDoc creates new facts. CyberDoc s prediction might become a self-fullfilling prophecy. Furthermore, the husband might use the information provided by CyberDoc straight away to attack his wife. This might in turn damage their marriage so severely that they do split up which might not have happened without CyberDoc s intervention. Accordingly, the second ethical issue we are facing here is manipulation.
44 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc Both the intervention into the private sphere and manipulation concern the principle of nonmaleficence.
45 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc Thirdly, CyberDoc s (Gottman s) claim that he can predict with more than 90 percent accuracy who will remain married and who will divorce might be exaggerated. (Compare the claims made on behalf of the Polygraph!) Therefore a third issue we have to deal with here is reliability. Although reliability is not an ethical issue itself, it is related to the principle of nonmaleficence in an obvious way.
46 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc Even if these three possible pitfalls of CyberDoc could be controlled, it remains an open ethical question whether CyberDoc ought to inform the patient about the status of his marriage, or whether he ought to refrain from doing so.
47 Applied ethics of ECAs: The example of CyberDoc Even if these three possible pitfalls of CyberDoc could be controlled, it remains an open ethical question whether CyberDoc ought to inform the patient about the status of his marriage, or whether he ought to refrain from doing so. Different ethical principles might lead to competing answers.
48 Moral ECAs
49 Moral ECAs We conclude with the general question of moral responsibility.
50 Moral ECAs We conclude with the general question of moral responsibility. There is a debate on whether artificial beings might have moral rights and duties so that they could themselves be morally responsible.
51 Moral ECAs We conclude with the general question of moral responsibility. There is a debate on whether artificial beings might have moral rights and duties so that they could themselves be morally responsible. Often this debate goes hand in hand with fantasies about a post-human era in which humans struggle for survival against superior machines.
52 Moral ECAs We believe that such fears or hopes are exaggerated.
53 Moral ECAs We believe that such fears or hopes are exaggerated. In particular, they must not distract us from the real dangers of emotion-oriented technologies (see also Bryson and Kime 2003).
54 Moral ECAs We believe that such fears or hopes are exaggerated. In particular, they must not distract us from the real dangers of emotion-oriented technologies (see also Bryson and Kime 2003). These are the possible misuse by people who control them, and, as demonstrated by the example of CyberDoc, unintentional and unwelcome side effects.
55 Moral ECAs Concerning the unintentional and unwelcome side effects, we wonder whether ECAs (or other virtual beings) could be programmed in such a way that they behave morally.
56 Moral ECAs Concerning the unintentional and unwelcome side effects, we wonder whether ECAs (or other virtual beings) could be programmed in such a way that they behave morally. A first and simple answer could draw on research directly related to HUMAINE, namely on the recognition of emotion.
57 Moral ECAs Concerning the unintentional and unwelcome side effects, we wonder whether ECAs (or other virtual beings) could be programmed in such a way that they behave morally. A first and simple answer could draw on research directly related to HUMAINE, namely on the recognition of emotion. Perhaps there could be an emergency off for ECAs:
58 Moral ECAs Concerning the unintentional and unwelcome side effects, we wonder whether ECAs (or other virtual beings) could be programmed in such a way that they behave morally. A first and simple answer could draw on research directly related to HUMAINE, namely on the recognition of emotion. Perhaps there could be an emergency off for ECAs: If an ECA recognises strong negative emotions, it should simply stop with what it is just doing, or shut down completely.
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