February 03, Chapter 15: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources. What is a nonrenewable resource?
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1 Chapter 15: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources What is a nonrenewable resource?
2 The Earth: Core, Mantle, Crust Tectonic Plates: Lithosphere Surfing
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5 3 types of plate boundaries: 1. Convergent plate boundary > oceanic-continental: subduction zone and trench > continental-continental: mountain ranges
6 3 types of plate boundaries: 2. divergent plate boundary > oceanic ridge
7 3 types of plate boundaries: 3. Transform fault > plates slide past one another > CA San Andreas fault
8 Earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis (Read Supplement 11 for more info) Earthquakes Richter scale Recent earthquakes: 2010 Haiti, 2005 Kashmir (Pakistan) Volcanoes found at subduction zones or hot spots Tsunamis Giant sea swells Recent tsunamis: 2004 Indonesia, 2011 Japan
9 Tectonic plates recycles Earth's crust over geological time mineral deposits evolution Other processes: volcanic eruptions play role in forming atmosphere and climate, rocks and lava become rich soil Tsunamis leave rich sediment
10 External processes (sun and gravity) Wear down Earth's surface and produce landforms Weathering > Physical/mechanical Frost wedging > chemical weathering > biological weathering
11 External processes (sun and gravity) Wear down Earth's surface and produce landforms Erosion > streams > rain > wind > Glaciers > *Human activity February 03, 2014
12 External processes (sun and gravity) Wear down Earth's surface and produce landforms Mass wasting > Rockslides > landslides > mudflows February 03, 2014
13 Resources in the Earth's Crust Mineral resource: concentration of naturally occurring material in/on the earth's crust that can be extracted processed into useful material affordable cost Examples: fossil fuels, metallic minerals, nonmetallic minerals Ore: Rock that contains enough minerals to mine
14 *Increases with new discovery, new technology (Profitable)
15 Distribution of mineral resources are not even US, Canada, Russia, South Africa, and Australia supply most nonrenewable resources US, Germany, Russia consume 75% metals *Economies rely on imports *Stability of source country can affect supply and practices
16 Strategic metal resource: Manganese, cobalt, chromium, platinum Manganese: Steel production, Cobalt: Superalloys for jet aircraft engines Chromium: stainless steel Platinum: Catalytic converter, emission control
17 Rock cycle recycles earth's rocks and concentrates mineral resources. February 03, 2014
18 Mining, processing, and using mineral resources takes lots of energy, causes land disturbance, soil erosion, and air and water pollution.
19 Mining 1. Surface mining 2. Subsurface mining
20 Surface Mining: Shallow deposits Mechanized equipment removes overburden (soil and rock = spoils) 90% nonfuel mineral and rock resources 60% coal
21 Surface Mining Type of resource and topography determines strategy Open-pit mining Strip-mining (horizontal beds) Area strip mining (flat terrain) > Dig trench > Strip mineral > Fill trench with overburden > *Leaves spoil banks highly erodible *Susceptible to chemical weathering and erosion *Restoration difficult (no top soil)
22 Surface Mining Type of resource and topography determines strategy Contour strip mining (hill or mountains) > terraces > *Coal in Appalachia > highwall: highly erodible bank of soil and rock
23 February 03, 2014 Surface Mining Type of resource and topography determines strategy Mountaintop removal > rock/dirt dumped into streams and rivers > increase flood hazards > toxic wastewater
24 Subsurface mining: too deep for surface mining Dig vertical shaft + tunnels to reach deposits > disturbs less land > less waste > more dangerous and expensive
25 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 Requires mining companies to restore most surface mined land Unsuccessful, takes a long time arid areas --> deserts *coal companies and lobbying
26 Mining Impacts Scarring and disruption of land surface > $70 billion in cleanup Subsidence Pollution > 5.5 metric tons of mining solid waste for 2 gold wedding rings > toxins in mining waste (erosion) > acid mine drainage (rain carries sulfuric acid) > mercury, arsenic
27 Removing Metals from Ores Ore ore mineral + gangue tailings-can contaminate surface water and groundwater Smelting: roast ore to release metals Emit air pollutants: sulfur dioxide, particles Cyanide heap extraction: Cheap, for gold Cyanide is toxic leave behind cyanide-laden water in leaking holding tanks
28 Supplies of Mineral Resources Future supply depends on 2 things: actual or potential supply rate of use
29 Supplies of Mineral Resources Never truly run out--just becomes too expensive to mine, transport, and process. (Economically depleted) recycle/reuse waste less use less find a substitute do without
30 Supplies of Mineral Resources Depletion Time: how long it takes to use up a certain proportion (80%) of the mineral reserve at a given rate of use
31 What to do as supplies decrease? 1. mine lower-grade ores > New tech > expensive > process more ore for same amount of mineral > *Water use > environmental impacts: increased land disruption, waste, pollution > Biomining?
32 What to do as supplies decrease? 2. Get minerals from ocean > seawater, sediment, continental shelf, hydrothermal ore deposits, manganese-rich nodules > low concentration > Expensive (even minerals in large concentrations) > Disputes over ownership > manganese nodules cover 25-50% of Pacific Ocean floor environmental effects of mining? cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust
33 Economics of Nonrenewable Minerals As resource becomes more scarce, prices should rise > stimulates search for new deposits, technology *Government controls supplies and prices > subsidies keep mineral prices low > help promote economic growth and national security > What are the effects? Companies not motivated to find new technology to be more efficient Promotes waste February 03, 2014
34 Solution? Using mineral resources more sustainably Materials revolution--find substitues > silicon, ceramics, plastics > but not a complete substitute > has its own drawbacks (*plastic)
35 Solution? Using mineral resources more sustainably Recycling metals > lower environmental impact than mining and processing ores
36 Solution? Using mineral resources more sustainably Decrease use and waste > Ecoindustrial revolution: biomimicry > recycle and reuse > resource exchange webs wastes of one manufacturer becomes materials for another reduce resource need, pollution stimualtes technolgoy
37 Nanomaterials: what's the deal Potentially eliminate need for mineral resources > carbon, oxygen, silicon Nanosolar cells Economy? Environmental impacts (very small things)
38 Test Wednesday on Chapter 14 and Chapter 15. Chapter 14: Water Resources Chapter 15: Mineral resources
39 Review essay questions: 1. What are the three main strategies to increasing the freshwater supply for people? Choose one and describe the advantages/disadvantages. 2. How have humans contributed to the damage caused by floods? 3. What are mineral resources? What processes make minerals available? 4. Describe three specific negative impacts of mining practices.
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