Tilapia. introduced into more than 90 countries on all the continents except Antarctica
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1 Tilapia introduced into more than 90 countries on all the continents except Antarctica Tilapia aquaculture in the Americas B.A. Costa Pierce & J.E. Rakocy (eds). World Aquaculture Society ; American Tilapia Association, Baton Rouge, LA. Tilapia : biology, culture, and nutrition C.E. Lim & C.D. Webster (eds)/. Food Products Press, New York American Tilapia Association -
2 What s in a name? tilapias belong to the family Cichlidae, the dominant fishes of tropical lakes. > 70 species Dr. Ethelwynn Trewavas originally proposed two genera based on food habits, as reflected in the dentition and distance between gill-rakers, and reproductive behavior (Trewavas, 1992). Tilapia - those species that are macrophagous and substrate-spawners. The gill rakers of these species are robust and widely spaced with the dentition consisting of chisel shaped teeth for chewing. Sarotherodon - those species that are microphagous and mouth-brooders. Both the gill rakers and teeth of these species are thin and closely spaced to rake algae from the water column.
3 However, all tilapias exhibit a high degree of parental care, and the division between substrate-spawners versus mouthbrooders is complicated by the fact that the mouthbrooders include some species that spawn in nests on the bottom but brood the eggs in the mothers mouth. Thus, in an addendum to her paper, Trewavas suggested a third genus: Oreochromis - Species in this genus are those commonly used in aquaculture. They are all microphagous but only mouthbrood the eggs after they are laid on substrate. Note: California Fish & Game still considers Tilapia a valid synonym.
4 macrophagous versus microphagous Note: most tilapia species are flexible concerning prey and thus the division is quite rough. For example, T. mossambica has strong cuspate teeth in the jaws and pharynx allowing it to feed on vascular plants, O. niloticus has nearly a strong of teeth and both species will readily feed on pelletized diets. Thus, while in nature, tilapias can be considered herbivorous, the common aquaculture species should be considered opportunistic omnivores.
5 Tilapia = tropical species The original range of tilapia was Africa, however they are presently found throughout the world in both tropical and subtropical regions. Maximum growth occurs around 30 o C. Feeding activity is reduced below 20 o C and stopping around 16 o C. The lethal lower temperature is around 10 o C.
6 Global production of tilapia Aquaculture Fishery 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , (est) Metric tons
7 U.S. Tilapia Industry Global Production (FAO 2008) = 2,798,000 mt China # 1 = 1,110,000 mt U.S. # 17 = 9,000 mt U.S. farm-gate sales value $ 55 million (ATA est.) U.S. Top Ten 2009 shrimp 4.1 lbs/per canned tuna 2.5 lbs/per salmon 2.0 lbs/per pollock 1.5 lbs/per tilapia 1.2 lbs/per catfish (U.S.) 0.8 lbs/per crabs 0.6 lbs/per cod 0.4 lbs/per clams 0.4 lbs/per Pangasius (basa) 0.4 lbs/per
8 California tilapia industry Located in southern CA typically with a geothermal water source. They will grow 3X faster at 30 o C (86 o F) than at 22 o C (71 o F) (i.e. 1 lb fish in a little over six months) Pelletized feed Sold live (1-2 lb) to ethnic markets All males
9 Control of unwanted reproduction 1. Manual sexing of fingerlings hard to distinguish sexual differences wastes 50% of the population, i.e. females only a few females can overpopulate a pond, particularly at low densities 2. Use of hybrid crosses which produce almost all males not 100% successful as hybrids look similar to parents it is hard to keep pure populations separate
10 Control of unwanted reproduction 3. Stocking predacious fish to consume offspring in mixed sex ponds sometimes difficult to find a source of predacious species 4. Culture at very high densities in ponds or raceways (crowding reduces the urge to reproduce). variable effectiveness
11 All male production in the U.S. tilapia industry Use of steroids (testosterone) in feeds given to swim-up fry to produce phenotypic males 95% effective U.S. industry uses methyl testosterone under an Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) permit from the Federal Drug Administration (FDA).
12 MUMS - Minor Use Minor Species Animal Health Act MUMS Act was signed into law in August of (similar to the Orphan Drug Act for humans) drugs. Sponsors must apply for designation prior to filing a New Animal Drug Application for FDA approval. Designated INAD drugs are awarded 7 years exclusive marketing rights. This means that FDA will not approve another application for the same drug in the same dosage form for the same intended use until after the 7 years have elapsed.
13 INAD use in tilapia The INAD process permits testing and trials to be conducted using these drugs at fish hatcheries and commercial ponds. The results from these studies are used to contribute to the data needed by FDA in order to approve these drugs for use on fish. All tilapia producers are allowed to by treated feed from Rangen (a feed manufacturer). They must also keep records and report use to the FDA as well as pay a fee to administer the program
14 Tilapia Tilapia niloticus, Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia, Nilotica)
15 California - tilapia production In California, tilapia is only permitted to be grown south of the Tehachapi Mountains. The species allowed is Oreochromis mossambicus (common name: Mozambiqua tilapia; commonly used names also include Tilapia mossambica and Sarotherodon mossambicus) as it is considered indigenous, having been planted in the mid-1960s in irrigation channels to fight the invasion of the waterway-clogging hydrilla weed.
16 California tilapia industry
17 Arizona tilapia industry uses O. niloticus
18 * tilapia second most important fish in aquaculture Tilapia = 2,798,000 mt Catfish = 2,781,000 mt Tilapia aquaculture Production Subsistence 2,798,000 mt?
19 Advantages of tilapia Grow over a wide temperature range Classified as a tropical species with respect to temperature. Maximum growth occurs ~ 30 o C. Feeding activity is reduced below 20 o C and stops ~ 16 o C. The lethal lower temperature is ~ 10 o C.
20 Advantages of tilapia (cont.) Grow in a wide variety of water conditions Salinity from freshwater to seawater Acidic (ph 5) to alkaline (ph 9) Survive low DO and high ammonia High densities Prolific Mouthbrooders parental care Relatively large eggs removed young can be fed on powdered feed Female will resume breeding Sex reversal all male
21 Advantages of tilapia (cont.) Feed low on the food chain; typically omnivorous In low input systems, fish gain all their nutrition from algae, detrital matter or small invertebrates Intensification is relatively easy as they will also feed readily on formulated rations
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