Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes

Transcription

1 Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes Bearbeitet von Sergey Pulinets, Kyrill Boyarchuk 1. Auflage Buch. xiii, 315 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1420 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Angewandte Physik > Geophysik Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Table of contents Preface...v Chapter 1 The Basic Components of Seismo-Ionospheric Coupling Introduction Seismology Physical Background of Earthquake Prediction Radon Emanation as Precursory Phenomenon Other Geochemical Precursors Anomalous Electric Field Earthquake Preparation Zone Concluding Remarks Ionosphere Physics and Morphology Ionosphere Formation D-Region E-Region F-Region F2-Layer Vertical Ionospheric Sounding The Global Structure of the Earth's Ionosphere Ionospheric Regular Variations Effects of Magnetic Storms in the Ionosphere Day-to-Day Ionosphere Variability Concluding Remarks Radioactive Troposphere Plasmachemistry Ionizing Radiation Effect on the Atmosphere Sources of Ionization of the Earth's Atmosphere The Primary Processes of the Atmospheric air Ionization The Secondary Processes and Ion Clusters Formation The Global Electric Circuit and Atmospheric Electricity Field Generators and Consumers Electrode Effect Variability in the Boundary Near-Ground Atmospheric Layers Concluding Remarks...47

3 x Table of Contents Chapter 2 Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes as they are seen from the Ground and from Space Good Friday Geophysical Conditions around the Time of Alaska Earthquake Ground and Space Portraits of the Alaska Earthquake Precursor Ionospheric Precursors registered by ground based ionosondes Ionospheric Precursors Visualization The Diversity of the Ionospheric Precursors Shape Precursory Effects in D-layer E-layer Reaction on the Earthquake Preparation The F-layer, Upper Ionosphere and Magnetosphere Ionospheric Precursors in Equatorial Latitudes Vertical Re-Distribution of Electron Concentration before Earthquakes Short-Period Variations in the Ionosphere before Earthquakes In-situ Satellite Observations of the Ionospheric Precursors Electromagnetic Fields and Noises Variations of Local Plasma Parameters before Earthquakes Particle Precipitation's associated with Earthquakes registered by the Satellites Optical Emissions associated with Earthquakes Earthquake Lights Optical Emissions registered in the Ionosphere Conclusion Chapter 3 Near Ground and Troposphere Plasmachemistry and Electric Field Introduction: Electric Field and Radioactivity Atmospheric Plasma Atmosphere Ionization The Characteristics of Radiative Sources Alpha Emission Beta Emission X-Rays and Gamma Emission Radon Ionized Atmosphere Models Peculiarities of Ionization of Atmospheric Air the Result of Track Structure The Model of the High-Energy Particle Track in the Lower Atmosphere Numeric Modeling of the Molecular Processes within the Track The Model Application Criterion The Low Degree of Ionization The Model of Stable Ions Formation in the Low Layers of the Atmosphere...105

4 Pulinets and Boyarchuk xi Analysis of the most probable Ion-Molecular Reactions of the Lower Atmosphere Analysis of Processes of the Main Negative Ions Formation in the Lower Atmosphere Analysis of Processes of the Main Positive Ions Formation in the Lower Atmosphere Numeric Solution of the Kinetic Equations On the Conception of Neutral Ion Clusters in Air Electric Field Generation Electrode Effect Electric Field Reversals Active Experiments Chapter 4 Physics of Seismo-Ionospheric Coupling Introduction Wave Channel Source Description Wave Propagation and Penetration into the Ionosphere AGW Effects on the Ionosphere Limitations and Contradictions Electric Field Channel Penetration of Electric Field of Seismic Origin into the Ionosphere Calculation of the Electric Field in E-Region (Cylindrical Source) Calculation of the Electric Field in E-Region (Elongated Source) Effects of the Anomalous Electric Field in the E-Region Formation of Sporadic Layers in the E-Region Electric Field Effects in the F-Region Effects in the F2-Region from Large Tectonic Faults Generation of Acoustic Gravity Waves in the Ionosphere and their Possible Effects Electric Field Effect in Upper Ionosphere and Magnetosphere From the Magnetosphere to the D-Region Ion Mass Changes in the Ionosphere as a Precursory Effect The Model Generalization Block Diagram of the Seismo-Ionospheric Coupling Model Chapter 5 Main Phenomenological Features of Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes Introduction When the Ionosphere Starts to Feel Earthquake Preparation Sensitivity to Earthquake Intensity Temporal Parameters of Ionospheric Precursors Spatial Distribution of Ionospheric Precursors Local Ionospheric Plasma Parameters Variations before Earthquakes Magnetic Disturbances and Earthquakes Precursors...190

5 xii Table of Contents Altitude Changes in the Ionosphere before Earthquakes Periodic Variations within the Ionosphere Statistical Parameters of the Seismo-Ionospheric Variations in the F-Layer E-Layer Precursors Conclusions Chapter 6 Are we Ready for Prediction? The Practical Applications Introduction One Point Measurements Precursor Mask Two or More Ionosondes Available Ionospheric Mapping with Several Stations The Complex Analysis Irpinia Earthquake The Ground-Based and Satellite Systems of Electromagnetic and Ionospheric Precursors Monitoring Ground-Based Systems Japanese Works Russian Ground Based Systems Taiwanese istep Project GAVDOS ROSE Project, Greece PREVENTION Project, Mexico Dedicated Satellite Missions for Earthquake Precursors Registration from Space COMPASS Satellite, Russia QuakeSat, USA DEMETER Satellite, France Ukrainian Space Projects Japanese ELMOS Project The SSTL Small Satellite for Earthquake Prediction Russian Satellite Constellation "Vulkan" Italian "ESPERIA" Mission How to Use Ionospheric Precursors in Real Prediction? Where? When? How Strong? Conclusion The Possible Ideal System for the Ionospheric Precursors Monitoring and Short-Term Earthquake Prediction Chapter 7 Ultimate Results, Unexplained Phenomena, Future Tasks New Results on the Pulsed HF Electromagnetic Emission Registered before Earthquakes and its Possible Nature Introduction Experimental Setup Results of Measurements Interpretation...255

6 Pulinets and Boyarchuk xiii Discussion of the Molecular Mechanism of HF-Emission The Pulsed HF Emission Explanation On the Nature of the VLF Emission Registered on the Ground Surface before Strong Earthquakes Biological Effects of Anomalous Electric Field Conclusion Anomalous Neutron Fluxes Possibly Related to Earthquakes Experimental Setup Results of Measurements Solar-Terrestrial Relations and Earthquakes Exotic Cases of the Relationship between the Magnetic Storms and Seismic Activity Latent Heat Flux, Thermal Effects and the Ionosphere Future Tasks Model Improving Precursors Recognition and Regional Studies Interaction with other Kinds of Precursory Phenomena Conclusion References Subject Index...313