The membrane at the boundary of every cell. Functions as a selective barrier for the passage of materials in and out of cells.
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2 The membrane at the boundary of every cell. Functions as a selective barrier for the passage of materials in and out of cells.
3 Phospholipids Proteins Question: How are the materials arranged?
4 Phospholipids Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails
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6 phospholipid bilayer. Proteins coat the surfaces. Sometimes called the sandwich model.
7 Biochemical work. TEM pictures show the membrane as a double line.
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9 Not all membranes in a cell were the same. How could the proteins stay in place? Result - the model was questioned and tested by scientific process.
10 New model to fit the new evidence with membranes. Example of Science as a Process.
11 Refers to the way the phospholipids and proteins behave in a membrane.
12 Refers to the phospholipid bilayer. Molecules are not bonded together, so are free to shift. Must remain "fluid" for membranes to function.
13 phospholipid changes or shifts: Cold hardening of plants (shift to unsaturated fatty acids). Hibernating animals (Cholesterol increase).
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15 Proteins: float in a sea of phospholipids. Proteins form a collage or mosaic pattern that shifts over time.
16 TEM pictures of fractured membranes. Cell fusion studies. Tagging of membrane proteins by antibodies.
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19 Transport. Enzymatic activity. Receptor sites for signals. Cell adhesion. Cell-cell recognition. Attachment to the cytoskeleton.
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22 Integral - inserted into the phospholipid bilayer. Peripheral - not embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, but are attached to the membrane surface.
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24 How do the integral proteins stick to the membrane? By the solubility of their amino acids.
25 Hydrophilic Amino Acids Hydrophobic Amino Acids Hydrophilic Amino Acids
26 The phospholipid composition of the two layers is different. The proteins have specific orientations. Carbohydrates are found only on the outer surface.
27 Carbohydrates
28 Branched oligosaccharides form glycophospholipids and glycoproteins on external surface. Function - recognition of "self" vs "other.
29 How do materials get across a cell's membrane?
30 phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic. Hydrophilic materials don't cross easily. Large molecules don't cross easily. Too big to get through the membrane.
31 1. Passive Transport 2. Active Transport
32 Movement across membranes that does NOT require cellular energy.
33 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated Diffusion
34 The net movement of atoms, ions or molecules down a concentration gradient. Movement is from: High Low
35
36 When the concentration is equal on both sides. There is no net movement of materials.
37 1. Concentration 2. Temperature 3. Pressure 4. Particle size 5. Mixing
38 Diffusion of water. Water moving from an area of its high concentration to an area of its low concentration. No cell energy is used.
39 The concentration of water relative to a cell. 1. Isotonic (same) 2. Hypotonic (below) 3. Hypertonic (above)
40
41 Isosmotic solution. Cell and water are equal in solute concentration. No net movement of water in or out of the cell. No change in cell size.
42 Hypoosmotic solution Cell's water is lower than the outside water (more solutes). Water moves into the cell. Cell swells, may burst or the cell is turgid.
43 Hyperosmotic solution Cell's water is higher than the outside water (less solutes) Water moves out of the cell. Cell shrinks or plasmolysis occurs.
44 Common to AP exams Usually depend on being able to define high and low water or solute concentrations. U-tube problems
45 Transport protein that helps materials through the cell membrane. Doesn't require energy (ATP). Works on a downhill concentration gradient.
46
47 Newly found channels for osmosis. GFP labeled Aquaporins
48 Movement across membranes that DOES require cellular energy.
49 1. Carrier-Mediated 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis
50 General term for the active transport of materials into cells AGAINST the concentration gradient. Movement is: low high
51 1. Na + / K + pump 2. Electrogenic or H + pumps 3. Cotransport
52
53 Moves Na + ions out of cells while moving K + ions in.
54 Also called Proton pumps. Create voltages across membranes for other cell processes. Used by plants, fungi and bacteria.
55
56 Movement of H + that allows other materials to be transported into the cell as the H + diffuses back across the cell membrane. Example - Sucrose transport
57
58 Moves bulk material out of cells. Example - secretion of enzymes.
59 Moves bulk materials into cells. Several types known.
60 1. Pinocytosis - liquids 2. Phagocytosis - solids 3. Receptor Mediated - uses receptors to "catch" specific kinds of molecules.
61 Carbohydrates
62 Forming vesicles
63
64 Know membrane structure. Be able to discuss the various methods by which cells move materials through membranes. Be able to solve problems in osmosis/water potential.
Six major functions of membrane proteins: Transport Enzymatic activity
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