Clinical Anatomy and Physiology. Recognise and assess
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1 Clinical Anatomy and Physiology Recognise and assess
2 Clinical Anatomy and Physiology At the completion of this module the student will be able to outline the basic structure and function of the cardio respiratory and musculoskeletal systems.
3 Knowledge Objectives The respiratory system 1. Describe the structure of the lungs and their position within the thorax 2. Describe the functions of the respiratory system 3. Describe the structure of the upper and lower airway 4. Describe the constituent make up of normal air
4 Knowledge Objectives The cardiovascular system 1. Outline the functions of arteries, veins and capillaries 2. Describe the structure of the heart and its position within the thorax 3. Define coronary circulation 4. State the functions of the cardiovascular system 5. Define pulse
5 Knowledge Objectives The musculoskeletal system 1. List the functions of bones and the skeletal system 2. Identify the main bones of the appendicular skeleton on a diagram 3. List the types of joints and give examples of each 4. List the functions of muscles, tendons and ligaments
6 Knowledge Objectives The blood 1. List the functions of blood The skin 1. List the functions of skin
7 The respiratory system Structure & Position of the Lungs Components of Respiratory System Mouth Nose Trachea Lungs Diaphragm Chest muscles
8 The respiratory system Structure & Position of the Lungs Soft spongy tissue with no muscles Movement of air depends on the movement of the rib cage Right Lung 3 Lobes Left Lung 2 Lobes
9 The respiratory system Structure & Position of the Lungs Bronchi Lead to each lung Left narrower and longer More horizontal heart lies a little to the left of the midline Sub divide in to bronchioles
10 The respiratory system Structure & Position of the Lungs Bronchioles Finest bronchi No cartilage Contain muscle tissue Fibrous tissue Elastic tissue Terminal bronchiole Single layer of flat epithelial cells Sub divide into alveolar ducts
11 The respiratory system Structure & Position of the Lungs Alveoli Alveolar ducts Alveoli sac 150 million per lung
12 The respiratory system Structure & Position of the Lungs Capillary network Venules Arteriole Deoxygenated blood enters from the pulmonary artery Oxygenated blood enters from the pulmonary vein Exchange of gases occur O 2 CO 2 O 2 Alveolus
13 The respiratory system Structure of the Upper & Lower Airway Air drawn through the Mouth or Nose Where it is: Warmed Moistened Filtered
14 The respiratory system Structure of the Upper & Lower Airway Trachea 12 cm long Divides into the left & right main bronchi at the 5th thoracic vertebrae Made up of involuntary muscles
15 The respiratory system Functions of the Respiratory System Extract Oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it to the bloodstream Excrete water vapour and carbon dioxide Maintain the normal acid-base status of the blood Ventilate the lungs
16 The respiratory system Constituent make up of Normal Air
17 The cardiovascular system Functions of Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries
18 The cardiovascular system Functions of Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Blood moved by ventricular contraction Strong outer coat Thick muscle layer to withstand high pressures
19 The cardiovascular system Functions of Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Veins Carry blood to the heart Aided by surrounding muscles and suction of the heart Thinner walls valves, especially in the limbs to stop blood flow in wrong direction
20 The cardiovascular system Functions of Arteries, Veins and Capillaries Capillaries Dilate or contract to control the blood flow into and out of the capillary bed
21 The cardiovascular system Structure of the Heart & its Position Structure Position
22 The cardiovascular system Define Coronary Circulation The heart is supplied with blood from the left and right coronary arteries, which branch from the aorta immediately above the aortic valves.
23 The cardiovascular system Define Coronary Circulation
24 The cardiovascular system Functions of the Cardiovascular system Consists of a pump, network of pipes, and fluid (heart, vessels, and blood). Blood picks up oxygen in lungs and then is pumped to the body by the heart. Waste products from cells are carried back to lungs. In lungs, waste products are removed and more oxygen is picked up.
25 The cardiovascular system Define pulse The rhythmic contraction and expansion of an artery due to the surge of blood from the beat of the heart Pulses can be felt where an artery passes over a bone or hard structure close to the surface of the skin The pulse is most often measured by feeling the arteries of the wrist Examples of pulses radial /carotid /brachial / femoral
26 The cardiovascular system Pulse
27 The musculoskeletal system Functions of bones and the skeletal system Main Functions Support Protection Movement Manufacture of Red Blood Cells Also Storage of Energy Mineral Storage
28 The musculoskeletal system Identify the main bones of the appendicular skeleton
29 The musculoskeletal system Identify the main bones of the Humerus (upper arm) Radius & Ulna (forearm) Carpals (wrist) Metacarpals (palm of hand) Phalanges (fingers & thumb) Pelvis appendicular skeleton Femur (thigh bone) Patella (kneecap) Tibia (shin) Fibula (lower leg) Tarsals (ankle, heel & instep) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes)
30 The musculoskeletal system
31 The musculoskeletal system List the types and examples of joints
32 Muscles, Tendons & Ligaments
33 The musculoskeletal system Functions of muscles, tendons & ligaments Muscles Contract in response to nerve stimulus, thus creating movement May be stretched or extended and return to it s original shape Ligaments Connect bone to bone at site of joint Tendons Connect muscle to bone
34 The blood
35 The blood List the functions of blood Carry Oxygen to the body tissues & Carbon Dioxide away from the body tissue Carry Nutrients and Water to body tissue Carry Waste Products from the tissue to the excretory organs Protect the body from infection by means of the white blood cells ingesting bacteria Seal wounds by clotting
36 Protect from the Environment Keep out Bacteria Regulate the Body Temperature The skin List the functions of skin Prevents water loss Allows for transmission of sensation from the outside environment
37 Questions/Discussion
38 Summary The respiratory system 1. Lungs and their position within the thorax 2. The functions of the respiratory system 3. The structure of the upper and lower airway 4. The constituent make up of normal air The cardiovascular system 1. Functions of arteries, veins and capillaries 2. The structure of the heart and its position within the thorax 3. Coronary circulation 4. Functions of the cardiovascular system 5. Define pulse
39 Summary The musculoskeletal system 1. Functions of bones and the skeletal system 2. Main bones of the appendicular skeleton on a diagram 3. The types of joints and give examples of each 4. Functions of muscles, tendons and ligaments The blood The functions of blood The skin The functions of skin
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