Name: Understanding By Design Packet: History and Approaches

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1 Name: Understanding By Design Packet: History and Approaches Please complete the following legibly in complete sentences, using blue or black ink. Answers not completed legibly in blue or black ink will not earn credit. Have you ever tried to figure out what was the material you absolutely needed to master to become competent in a unit? The College Board has outlined what the student should know in both the College Board s Course Description and Teacher s Guide. From the College Board s Teachers Guide I. History and Approaches One of the main ideas that students must glean from this content area is that psychology is a science. Many students gain their impressions of psychology from the media and not from the reality of the field. You must help them understand that a science is defined by the rigorous methods used to investigate the phenomena of interest; it is not defined by what is being studied. Students should be exposed to a brief history of the field from its introspective past to today s science-based understanding of behavior and mental processes. How psychologists approach and explain a particular phenomenon may be shaped by the perspective they hold. Thus, it is important that students have an understanding of the major psychological approaches. Having a solid foundation in these different perspectives is vital to giving students a framework for understanding the psychological research and concepts they will learn throughout the course. From the College Board s Course Description II. History and Approaches (2 4%) Psychology has evolved markedly since its inception as a discipline in There have been significant changes in the theories that psychologists use to explain behavior and mental processes. In addition, the methodology of psychological research has expanded to include a diversity of approaches to data gathering. AP students in psychology should be able to do the following: 1. Recognize how philosophical perspectives shaped the development of psychological thought. 2. Describe and compare different theoretical approaches in explaining behavior: structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years; Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanism emerging later; evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as more contemporary approaches. 1

2 3. Recognize the strengths and limitations of applying theories to explain behavior. 4. Distinguish the different domains of psychology: biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, experimental, human factors, industrial organizational, personality, psychometric, and social. 5. Identify the major historical figures in psychology (e.g., Mary Whiton Calkins, Charles Darwin, Dorothea Dix, Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, William James, Ivan Pavlov, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, B. F. Skinner, Margaret Floy Washburn, John B. Watson, Wilhelm Wundt). From your teacher: Learning objectives tend to be narrow in scope. To make sure that you have mastered the larger concepts in the unit, consider the following essential questions. Hopefully, long after you have taken this course, you will have retained some inklings of the essential questions, even if your recall of facts has faded. Essential Questions for this unit: The following unit questions come from Mr. Mike McLane of Sterling Heights High School, Sterling Heights MI at Explain why ethics are necessary when conducting an experiment. Why is informed consent vital to participation? Should human subjects be studied at all? What is your position on experiments that involve manipulation of human behavior? Explain how the definition of psychology can be traced back to biology and philosophy. Indicate how these subjects influenced modern thought concerning nature and nurture. On the following pages, the word Theorist is in the box to remind the student to include the major theorist associated with each school. 2

3 1. School Description structuralism theorist: functionalism theorist: behaviorism theorist 2. School Description Gestalt Theorist: psychodynamic /psychoanalytic Theorist humanism Theorist: 3

4 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Identify the major historical figures in psychology (e.g., Mary Whiton Calkins, Charles Darwin, Dorothea Dix, Sigmund Freud, G. Stanley Hall, William James, Ivan Pavlov, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, B. F. Skinner, Margaret Floy Washburn, John B. Watson, Wilhelm Wundt). Your teacher has also included Max Wertheimer. 4

5 From the College Board s Teacher s Guide: You (the teacher) must help them (students) to understand that a science is defined by the rigorous methods used to investigate the phenomena of interest; it is not defined by what is being studied. Students should be exposed to a brief history of the field from its introspective past to today s science-based understanding of behavior and mental processes. How psychologists approach and explain a particular phenomenon may be shaped by the perspective they hold. A is and is known for the contribution of B is and is known for the contribution of C is and is known for the contribution of D is and is known for the contribution of E is and is known for the contribution of F is and is known for the contribution of 5

6 G is and is known for the contribution of H is and is known for the contribution of I is and is known for the contribution of J is and is known for the contribution of K is and is known for the contribution of L is and is known for the contribution of M is and is known for the contribution of N is and is known for the contribution of 6

7 3. Describe evolutionary Theorist: biological Theorist: cognitive Theorist: 4. Contrast structuralism from functionalism functionalism from behaviorialism cognitive and biological 7

8 4. Contrast biological from evolutionary humanism from psychodynamic 5. What are the strengths of using theories to explain human behavior? 6. What are the limitations of using theories to explain human behavior? 8. Psychological field Distinguish this kind of psychology from the others biological clinical counseling developmental 8

9 8. Psychological field Distinguish this kind of psychology from the others educational experimental industrialorganizational personality social 9. Using these historical people (on page 4), how has psychology evolved as a science? 10. Does the media portray psychology as a science? Use evidence (from your own experiences, such as a TV show, newspaper, or radio) to support your opinion. 9

10 11. From what sources do many people obtain their ideas about psychology? Why does this source trouble psychologists? 12. Why is it important to understand the major psychological approaches? Essential Questions for this unit: 13a. The following unit questions come from Mr. Mike McLane of Sterling Heights High School, Sterling Heights MI at Explain why ethics are necessary when conducting an experiment. Why is informed consent vital to participation? Should human subjects be studied at all? What is your position on experiments that involve manipulation of human behavior? Beginning of the unit response: (Date: ) Teacher s initials Middle of the unit response: (Date: ) Teacher s initials 10

11 End of the unit response: (Date: ) Teacher s initials 13b. Explain how the definition of psychology can be traced back to biology and philosophy. Indicate how these subjects influenced modern thought concerning nature and nurture. Beginning of the unit response: (Date: ) Teacher s initials Middle of the unit response: (Date: ) Teacher s initials 11

12 End of the unit response: (Date: ) Teacher s initials 12

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