Barron s Vocabulary Review: Fill in the Blank with the Appropriate Term

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1 NAME: UNIT 1 STUDY GUIDE HISTORY AND APPROACHES (2-4% of exam) (Weiten Chapter 1 & Barron s Chapter 1) Word Choices: Wilhelm Wundt Sigmund Freud Behaviorism Behavioral Perspective Introspection Psychoanalytic Theory Humanist Perspective Cognitive Perspective William James John Watson Psychoanalytic Perspective Social-Cultural (or Sociocultural) Perspective Functionalism Ivan Pavlov Biopsychology (or Neuroscience) Perspective Max Wertheimer B.F. Skinner Evolutionary (or Darwinian) Perspective Barron s Vocabulary Review: Fill in the Blank with the Appropriate Term Believed that he discovered the unconscious mind-a part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over, that determines in part how we think and behave. Created by Sigmund Freud, it is a theory that explains behavior and personality development. Declared that psychology must limit itself to observable phenomena. Expanded the basic ideas of behaviorism to include the idea of reinforcement. Explains human thoughts and behavior only in terms of biological processes. Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing thought and behavior into discrete categories. Maintains that psychologists should look only at behavior and cause of behavior - stimuli and responses- and not concern themselves with describing elements of consciousness. Performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs. Perspective suggested by Freud, focuses on the unconscious as a motivator for behavior. Perspective that examines human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. Perspective that examines human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection. Perspective that explains human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning. Published The Principles of Psychology, the science's first textbook Set up the first psychology laboratory in an apartment near the university at Leipzig, Germany Technique used by Wundt who asked subjects to accurately recorded their cognitive reactions to simple stimuli Theorists such as Rogers and Maslow stress individual choice and free will. (perspective)

2 Theory described by William James, examines how the mental processes described by Wilhelm Wundt function in our lives Perspective that looks at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures REVIEW QUESTIONS (Use class notes, the textbook, and your Barron s book to complete) 1. How did philosophical perspectives shape the development of psychological thought? 2. In one/two sentences, describe the focus of each approach: IN YOUR OWN WORDS! Approach Structuralism Focus Functionalism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic Humanistic Evolutionary Biological (neurobiological) Cognitive 2

3 3. What are the strengths and limitations of applying theories to explain behaviors? 4. Give an example of how each of the following domains is applied in psychology: Clinical Example: Biological: Psychiatrists use medications to treat mental illnesses Cognitive Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Human factors Industrial-organizational Personality Psychometric Social 3

4 RESEARCH METHODS (8-10 % of exam) (Weiten Chapter 2 & Barron s Chapter 2) Word Choices: Survey Method Measures of Variability APA Ethical Guidelines for APA Ethical Guidelines for Animal Research Human Research Theory Population Assignment Hawthorne Effect Hypothesis Sampling Confounding Variables Participant Bias (Response Bias) Basic Research Reliability Experiment Double-Blind Procedure Correlation Case Study Inferential Statistics Naturalistic Observation Hindsight Bias Operational Definitions Random Selection Random Assignment Scatter Plot Descriptive Statistics Statistical Significance Normal Curve Applied Research Validity Stratified Sampling Experimenter Bias Barron s Vocabulary Review: Fill in the Blank with the Appropriate Term A bell-shaped curve that represents a distribution of scores that is normally distributed. A graph of correlated data. A method of assigning participants to conditions such that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into either an experimental or control group, A method of selecting a sample from a population; everyone has an equal chance of being selected. A process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria. A research method used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants. A statement that expresses a relationship between two variables. A statistical measure of a relationship between two variables. A type of descriptive statistical measure that attempts to depict the diversity of the distribution. (Ex: Range, Variance, Standard Deviation) Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that support the theory. An explanation how variables are measured Any difference between the experimental and control condition, EXCEPT for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable. Being selected to be in a group of people to participate in an experiment will affect the performance of that group, regardless of what is done to those individuals. Involves asking people to fill out surveys, often used to gather opinions or attitudes. 4

5 Method followed such that neither the participants nor the researcher are aware of who is in the experimental or control groups while the experiment is going on. Research method that involves observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them. Research that explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications. Research the psychologists conduct to solve practical problems Scientists have decides that 5% (0.05) is the cutoff for statistically significant results. < 5% chance that results occurred by chance. Statistics that can determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample is selected. Tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways based on their perception of an experiment. Tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that they knew it all along The group from which a sample is selected. The individuals on whom the research is conducted. The only research method that can show a causal relationship. The process by which participants are put into either an experimental or control group. The unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis. Ways of describing a set of data (Ex: measures of central tendency) When research measures what the researcher sets out to measure, When research results can be replicated, when it is consistent. REVIEW QUESTIONS (Use class notes, the textbook, and your Barron s book to complete) 1. Explain the purpose, strength, and weakness of each of the following: Method Purpose Strength Weakness Experiment 5

6 Method Purpose Strength Weakness Correlational-study Survey Naturalistic Observation Case Study Quasi Experiment 6

7 2. Why is it that experimental data is cause and effect while correlational data merely implies a connection between two variables? 3. In an experiment, what is a: Independent Variable Dependant variable Confounding variable Control variable 4. Why do experimenters use random assignment in experimentation? 5. What is the difference between a descriptive statistic and an inferential statistic? Why are both reported? 6. What are the measures of central tendency? 7. What is standard deviation? Why is it a VERY important concept in research? 7

8 8. Why is it important to create an operational definition in behavioral research? 9. List the ethical guideline for experimentation created by the APA. Why are they used? 10. Name and describe three experiments that violated ethical guidelines. What guideline did they violate? 8