Figure 1 Real GDP Per Capita: Average Annual Growth (1995 US$)
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1 Figure 1 Real GDP Per Capita: Average Annual Growth (1995 US$) 12 % EMU High Income:OECD Japan Netherlands Sweden US Source: All calculations based on data series from the World Bank, World Development Indicators. Accessed via
2 Figure 1A Real GDP Per Capita: Average Annual Growth (Local Currency Units) 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% Japan 7.09% 4.68% 9.04% 4.39% 1.92% 0.85% 0.40% -1.14% United States -0.07% 2.98% 5.54% 6.21% 4.31% 2.30% 1.42% 0.50% Netherlands 3.55% 1.90% 8.35% 6.57% 2.94% 0.16% 1.41% 1.22% Sweden 4.49% 3.30% 2.21% 1.05% 1.75% 2.01% 0.16% 2.74% Source: All calculations based on data series from the International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. Accessed via DRI- WEFA s Econometric and Forecast Databases, Webstract.
3 Figure 2 Levels of GDP Per Capita: Selected Years (1990 International$) Thousands Japan Netherlands Sweden WEC US Source: Maddison, Angus, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, Development Centre Studies. (Paris, France: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001) Appendix C, pp Western European Countries (WEC): Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK
4 Figure 2A Levels of GDP Per Capita Relative to the US: Selected Years (1990 International$) 95% 85% 75% 65% 55% 45% 35% 25% 15% Japan 20.14% 26.32% 36.30% 45.66% 66.55% 71.72% 74.37% 76.42% 84.04% 83.10% 78.06% Netherlands 62.71% 69.55% 75.45% 75.38% 81.98% 84.14% 81.41% 76.19% 77.24% 76.21% 77.35% Sweden 70.47% 71.83% 79.08% 83.21% 87.11% 89.29% 82.72% 80.75% 79.08% 73.89% 71.46% WEC % 59.74% 69.19% 70.41% 75.06% 77.01% 77.84% 75.12% 75.47% 74.38% 71.68% Source: Data presented in Figure 2.
5 Figure 3 Levels of GDP Per Economically Active: Selected Years (1990 International$) Thousands Japan Netherlands Sweden US Sources: GDP figures taken from A. Maddison, Appendix C. Labour Force statistics are from World Bank, World Development Indicators. Note: Economically active is defined here as total labour force.
6 Figure 3A Levels of GDP Per Economically Active Relative to the US: Selected Years (1990 International$) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% a 40% 30% 20% Japan 30.12% 37.35% 53.90% 63.18% 71.34% 72.33% 78.38% 76.33% 72.57% Netherlands 81.92% 83.03% 91.88% 97.32% 95.92% 84.56% 81.00% 81.51% 82.57% Sweden 71.29% 74.30% 77.37% 81.61% 76.84% 73.66% 70.82% 66.87% 65.61% Sources: GDP figures taken from A. Maddison, Appendix C. Labour Force statistics from World Development Indicators. Note: Economically active is defined here as total labour force.
7 Figure 4 Changes in Post War Productivity Growth: Annual Averages for Selected Periods (GDP Per Hours Worked) % WEC-12 Japan Netherlands Sweden United States Source: All figures reproduced from A. Maddison, Appendix E, pp
8 Figure 4A Productivity Growth: Annual Averages for Selected Periods (GDP Per Hours Worked) % WEC-12 Japan Netherlands Sweden United States Source: All figures reproduced from A. Maddison, Appendix E, pp
9 Figure 5 Changes in Post War Price Levels: Annual Averages for Selected Periods (CPI) 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% WEC-12 Japan Netherlands Sweden United States 4.3% 5.2% 4.1% % 2.7% % 7.6% 6.5% 10.2% 8.2% % 1.7% 1.8% 6.4% 3.8% % 0.6% 2.2% 1.5% 2.4% Source: All figures reproduced from A. Maddison, p. 134.
10 Figure 6 Unemployment Rates: Annual Averages for Selected Periods (Standardized Rates*) 9 % Netherlands US Japan Sweden* Source: All series are from EUROSTAT. Accessed via DRI-WEFA s Econometric and Forecast Databases, Webstract. Note: Unemployment figures are standardized rates. * Unemployment rates for Sweden prior to 1982 are non-standardized rates, and, therefore, are not strictly comparable.
11 Figure 7 Labour Force Participation Rates: Annual Averages for Selected Periods 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% EMU % 65.96% 66.41% 66.77% 66.23% 66.06% 67.46% 68.51% High income: OECD 68.33% 68.56% 69.37% 70.24% 70.77% 71.56% 73.08% 74.23% Japan 73.39% 73.20% 73.80% 73.25% 73.40% 74.37% 75.69% 77.95% Netherlands 59.20% 58.91% 59.61% 60.19% 61.63% 64.87% 67.64% 68.17% Sweden 67.03% 69.55% 73.44% 77.36% 79.98% 82.42% 84.60% 84.53% US 68.66% 69.08% 69.89% 71.93% 73.80% 75.50% 77.08% 77.77% Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Note: Labour force participation rates calculated as (labour force / population aged 15-64).
12 Figure 7A Activity Rates: Annual Averages for Selected Periods 60% 55% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% EMU % 41.87% 41.87% 42.65% 43.55% 44.57% 45.52% 46.16% High income: OECD 42.92% 43.22% 44.08% 45.48% 46.79% 48.02% 49.05% 49.77% Japan 48.41% 50.17% 50.54% 49.52% 49.74% 51.19% 52.66% 53.60% Netherlands 36.46% 36.74% 37.62% 39.14% 41.45% 44.59% 46.38% 46.56% Sweden 44.46% 45.85% 47.57% 49.59% 51.49% 53.24% 54.12% 54.12% US 41.15% 42.10% 44.05% 46.99% 48.95% 49.91% 50.53% 51.04% Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Note: Activity rates calculated as (labour force / total population).
13 Figure 8 Government Employment as Percent of Total Employment: Annual Averages for Selected Periods 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Japan 8.80% 9.10% 8.68% 8.02% 7.29% US 18.30% 17.33% 16.48% 15.89% 15.69% Netherlands 15.20% 15.83% 16.99% 16.08% 14.46% Sweden* 25.87% 31.50% 34.97% 34.18% 34.86% Sources: Government and total employment series data from OECD, National Income Accounts. Accessed via DRI-WEFA s Econometric and Forecast Databases, Webstract. Government employment data for US taken from Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), National Economic Data. Accessed via *Last period averages for Sweden
14 Figure 9 Government Revenue Per Capita: Average Annual Growth for Selected Periods 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% -4% -6% Japan 1.17% 7.12% 1.98% 2.75% 3.61% 5.43% -3.70% -0.29% US 3.16% 4.32% 1.22% 2.08% 1.67% 2.17% 1.44% 2.03% Netherlands 5.72% 6.41% 5.96% 4.45% 0.14% 1.15% 1.34% 0.56% Sweden 8.02% 8.95% 4.18% 3.80% 4.14% 4.39% -4.86% 7.06% Sources: All calculations based on Revenue and Population data series from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. Accessed via DRI-WEFA s Econometric and Forecast Databases, Webstract. For the period, data for Japan taken from Ministry of Finance Statistics (MITI). Accessed via DRI-WEFA s Econometric and Forecast Databases, Webstract.
15 Figure 9A Government Revenue as Percent of GDP: Annual Averages for Selected Periods 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Japan 13.45% 11.66% 10.88% 7.26% 7.50% 9.00% 8.56% 7.81% US 43.70% 52.12% 47.69% 38.57% 28.93% 29.71% 27.85% 31.18% Netherlands 32.42% 36.20% 41.33% 35.67% 29.95% 32.36% 31.89% 29.04% Sweden 20.74% 30.31% 30.40% 36.86% 37.80% 42.74% 34.37% 36.74% Sources: All calculations based on Revenue and GDP data series from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. Accessed via DRI- WEFA s Econometric and Forecast Databases, Webstract. For the period data for Japan taken from Ministry of Finance Statistics (MITI). Accessed via DRI-WEFA s Econometric and Forecast Databases, Webstract.
16 Figure 10 Government Expenditure as Percent of GDP: Annual Averages for Selected Periods 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Japan 7.90% 8.55% 9.52% 8.75% 11.26% 12.73% 13.99% 16.28% US* 28.98% 34.94% 30.21% 23.35% 18.13% 18.21% 15.93% 14.98% Netherlands** 18.77% 21.13% 22.84% 18.95% 14.94% 14.45% 14.02% 13.59% Sweden 18.94% 26.81% 27.39% 37.32% 43.07% 41.00% 41.37% 36.12% Sources: Government expenditure data for Sweden, Netherlands and Japan taken from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. Data for US are taken from OECD, National Income Accounts. All population figures as from the IMF, World Development Indicators. Note: All expenditure data are final consumption figures. Figures for Sweden are central government expenditures; all others are general government expenditures. *Averages for the US in the last period 1996 only. **Averages for the Netherlands calculated for only.
17 Figure 10A Government Expenditures Per Capita: Average Annual Growth for Selected Periods 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% -4% Japan 8.30% 8.06% 8.30% 9.47% 3.09% 3.77% 3.17% 2.46% US* 3.31% 4.74% 1.14% -0.06% 2.59% 1.27% -1.23% -0.45% Netherlands** 7.82% 5.88% 5.32% 2.66% -2.10% 0.90% 0.67% 0.19% Sweden*** 6.80% 7.49% 6.24% 7.18% 3.78% 0.65% -1.40% 1.26% Source: Expenditure data as presented in Figure 10. * Averages for the United States in the last period 1996 only **Averages for the Netherlands in the last period only. *** Averages for Sweden in the last period only
18 Figure 11A (Sweden) Expenditure Per Dependent and GDP Per Capita: Average Annual Growth for Selected Periods 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% Sweden (Exp) 7.33% 8.05% 7.07% 8.05% 4.56% 1.39% -1.40% 1.26% Sweden (GDP) 4.49% 3.30% 2.21% 1.05% 1.75% 2.01% 0.16% 2.79% Sources: Government expenditure data for Sweden taken from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. Dependents are defined as (population labour force). All labour force and population data from World Bank, World Development Indicators.
19 Figure 11B (Netherlands) Expenditure Per Dependent and GDP Per Capita: Annual Average Growth for Selected Periods 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% Netherlands (Exp) 7.92% 5.96% 5.82% 3.18% -1.05% 2.06% 0.85% 0.12% Netherlands (GDP) 3.55% 1.90% 8.35% 6.57% 2.94% 0.16% 1.41% 0.69% Sources: Government expenditure data for Netherlands taken from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. Dependents are defined as (population labour force). All labour force and population data from World Bank, World Development Indicators. Note: last period averages
20 Figure 11C (US) Expenditure Per Dependent and GDP Per Capita: Average Annual Growth for Selected Periods 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% US (Exp)* 3.64% 5.09% 2.21% 1.11% 2.98% 1.65% -1.28% -0.51% United States (GDP)* -0.07% 2.98% 5.54% 6.21% 4.31% 2.30% 1.42% 1.01% Sources: Government expenditure data taken from the OECD, National Income Accounts. All labour force and population data from World Bank, World Development Indicators. * Data for the last period 1996 only.
21 Figure 11D (Japan) Expenditure per Dependent and GDP Per Capita: Average Annual Growth for Selected Periods 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% -2% Japan (Exp) 9.04% 8.83% 7.79% 9.10% 3.69% 4.36% 3.84% 2.44% Japan (GDP) 7.09% 4.68% 9.04% 4.39% 1.92% 0.85% 0.40% -0.88% Sources: Government expenditure data for Japan taken from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. Dependents are defined as (population labour force). All labour force and population data from World Bank, World Development Indicators.
22 Figure 12 Dependency Ratio: Annual Averages for Selected Periods Japan Netherlands Sweden US Source: All figures from World Bank, World Development Indicators. Note: Dependency defined as (population labour force). Dependency ratio is (dependents / labour force).
23 Figure 12A Alternate Dependency Ratio: Annual Averages for Selected Periods Japan Netherlands Sweden* US Source: Employment figures taken from International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics. Population figures are taken from World Bank, World Development Indicators. Note: Dependents defined as (total population total employment). Dependency ratio is (dependents / employed). * Last period average from
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