Technology & You. Behind the Curtain Robert McQueen, CGCIO Princeton NJ

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1 Technology & You Behind the Curtain Robert McQueen, CGCIO Princeton NJ

2 What do you needed for your computer to operate? Electrical Power or Battery LAN (local area network) or WIFI Hardware Physical components of the computer (monitor, keyboard, memory chips, hard drive) Software Set of instructions that directs hardware to accomplish a task

3 PC Hardware Components Input/output devices: outside computer case Processing and storage components: inside the case Elements required by hardware devices to operate: Method for CPU to communicate with it Software to instruct and control it Electricity to power it

5 Hardware Used for Input and Output Connects to computer case by ports Most popular input devices: Keyboard Mouse Most popular output devices: Monitor Printer

6 Motherboards For processing: CPU Chip set RAM Cache memory Electrical system: Power supply connections For communication with other devices: For temporary storage: Traces Expansion slots System clock Programming and setup data: Flash ROM CMOS setup chip

7 Central Processing Unit This is what makes a computer work. It is like the brain of the computer. Contains the disk drives and hard drive. Also called CPU, Computer, and Processor.

9 Data Communication Electronically exchanging data or information. It is the movement of computer information from one point to another by means of electrical or optical transmission system. This system often is called data communication networks.

10 The key technology of the information age is computer communications. The value of high-speed data communication network is that it brings the message sender and receiver closer together in time. It facilitates more efficient use of computers and improves the day to day control of business by providing faster information flow.

11 A computer network is a system in which a set of computers and/or other communication facilities are connected to each other. It is a collection of computers which are in some way connected such that they can exchange data between themselves and other computers on the network. It might involve physical wire, Wi-Fi, and can be usually used to share files, devices and connections to other computers. In short, a computer network allows your computers to talk to each other.

12 Reasons for Networking Files can be copied and accessed across the network To share hardware Share expensive peripherals, such as printers and scanners

13 To share software and information Centralize key computer programs, such as finance and accounting programs, word processing, time and billing It is often important that all users have access to the same program (and not copies of it) so that they can work on it simultaneously. Networking allows offices to have such a central program that all users can access. Automate unattended backup of valuable It is always essential to keep backups of any important files. You can automate this procedure by having a computer program that backs up the files for you. Without a network, you would have to manually copy files, which is time consuming.

14 Basic Components of a Network

15 Client A client is a computer such as a PC or a workstation attached to the network, which is used to access shared network resources. Client computer uses the resources shared by server computer. The client is the input/output hardware device at the other end of communication circuit. It typically provides users with access to the network and data and software on the server.

16 Circuit The circuit is the pathway through which the message passes. Circuits can be twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, microwave transmission, and so forth. There are many devices in the circuit that perform special functions, such as hubs, switches, routers and gateways

17 Wireless LANs Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are wireless. These use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate between the workstations and the file server or hubs. Each workstation and file server on a wireless network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data. For longer distance, wireless communications can also take place through cellular telephone technology, microwave transmission, or by satellite.

18 Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers or remote computers to connect to the LAN. Wireless networks are also beneficial in older buildings where it may be difficult or impossible to install cables. Wireless LANs have several disadvantages. They are very expensive, provide poor security, and are susceptible to interference from lights and electronic devices. They are also slower than LANs using cabling.

Cables & Connectors Cables carry electronic signals from one computer to another & Connectors attach cables to network interface cards Cable is the

19 Cables & Connectors Cables carry electronic signals from one computer to another & Connectors attach cables to network interface cards Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another. There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs.

20 Server or host computer A server is a machine that provides clients with service. Servers share a specific resource with other computers. Examples of the servers are the database server, that provides the large database and the communication server that provides connection to another network, to commercial database, or to a powerful processor. In larger LANs, the server is dedicated to being a server. In a peer-to-peer LAN, the server may be both a server and a client computer. The server stores data or software that can be accessed by the client. There are file, database, network, and printer servers. Servers are usually microcomputers (often more powerful than the other microcomputers on the network), but they may be minicomputers or mainframes.

21 Internet Basics

The Internet The Internet was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the U.S. Department of Defense for scientific and military communications.

22 The Internet The Internet was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the U.S. Department of Defense for scientific and military communications. The Internet is a network of interconnected networks. Even if part of its infrastructure was destroyed, data could flow through the remaining networks. The Internet uses high-speed data lines, called backbones, to carry data. Smaller networks connect to the backbone, enabling any user on any network to exchange data with any other user.

23 How the Internet Works TCP/IP Routing Traffic Across the Internet Addressing Schemes Domains and Subdomains

24 TCP/IP Every computer and network on the Internet uses the same protocols (rules and procedures) to control timing and data format. The protocol used by the Internet is the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP. No matter what type of computer system you connect to the Internet, if it uses TCP/IP, it can exchange data with any other type of computer.

Routing Traffic Across the Internet Most computers don't connect directly to the Internet. Instead, they connect to a smaller network that is connected to the Internet backbone.

25 Routing Traffic Across the Internet Most computers don't connect directly to the Internet. Instead, they connect to a smaller network that is connected to the Internet backbone. The Internet includes thousands of host computers (servers), which provide data and services as requested by client systems. When you use the Internet, your PC (a client) requests data from a host system. The request and data are broken into packets and travel across multiple networks before being reassembled at their destination.

26 Addressing Schemes In order to communicate across the Internet, a computer must have a unique address. Every computer on the Internet has a unique numeric identifier, called an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Each IP address has four parts each part a number between 0 and 255. An IP address might look like this:

The Operation of the Internet Packets of information flow between machines governed by common rules (protocols): Internet protocol (IP) Transport control protocol (TCP) Internet is a packet-switching

27 The Operation of the Internet Packets of information flow between machines governed by common rules (protocols): Internet protocol (IP) Transport control protocol (TCP) Internet is a packet-switching network Messages are decomposed into packets, containing part of the message, plus information on the sending and receiving machines and how the packet relates to the other packets Packets travel independently and possibly on different routes through the Internet Packets are reassembled into the message at the receiving machine.

Future Stars. Grade X Manual Chapter 1 Networking and Telecommunication. telecommunication. Telephones, telegrams, radios and televisions help

Future Stars. Grade X Manual Chapter 1 Networking and Telecommunication. telecommunication. Telephones, telegrams, radios and televisions help Future Stars Grade X Manual Chapter 1 Networking and Telecommunication 1. Answer the following questions. a. What is telecommunication? Ans: The transfer of information at a far distance is known as telecommunication.