Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction
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1 Cell Division Asexual reproduction Meiosis & Sexual Reproduction Mitosis produce cells with same information identical daughter cells exact copies clones same amount of DNA same number of chromosomes same genetic information Asexual reproduction Single-celled eukaryotes and simple multicellular eukaryotes reproduce asexually Budding in Yeast Budding in Hydra How about the rest of us? What if a complex multicellular organism (like us) wants to reproduce? joining of egg + sperm Do we make egg & sperm by mitosis? Binary fission in Amoeba egg sperm zygote 1
2 How do we make sperm & eggs? reduce 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes half the number of chromosomes meiosis egg 46 meiosis 23 sperm fertilization Review: Mitosis Division of the NUCLEUS Purpose: growth & repair Four Stages Can you identify them? Four Mitotic Stages Pro Prophase Meta Metaphase Ana Anaphase Telo Telophase Mitosis Produces two new cells identical to the original cell Cells are diploid (2n) Chromosomes during Metaphase of mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis 2
3 Facts About Meiosis Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis I and Meiosis II Called reduction-division division Original cell is diploid (2n) Four daughter cells produced that are haploid (1n) Facts About Meiosis Produces gametes (eggs & sperm) Occurs in the testes in males = Spermatogenesis Occurs in the ovaries in females = Oogenesis Meiosis = reduction division - 2 copies - diploid - 2n Homologous chromosomes Paired chromosomes one from each parent both chromosomes of a pair carry genes control same inherited characters homologous = same information diploid 2n homologous chromosomes - 1 copy - haploid - 1n Replicated homologous chromosomes 3
4 Preparing for meiosis Meiosis: Two Part Cell Division Preceded by Interphase Duplication of DNA S phase of interphase of MEIOSIS (just like in mitosis) 2n = 6 single Meiosis I Homologs separate Meiosis II Sister chromatids separate M1 prophase 2n = 6 Diploid Haploid Haploid Homologous Chromosomes separate in meiosis I Meiosis I: Reduction Division Homologs same genes, different alleles Sister Chromatids same genes, same alleles Nucleus Late Spindle Prophase I fibers Early Prophase I Metaphase I (Chromosome number d) Nuclear envelope Anaphase I Telophase I 4
5 Prophase I Tetrads Form in Prophase I Homologous chromosomes (each with sister chromatids) Join to form a TETRAD Early prophase Late prophase Homologs pair Crossing over occurs Chromosomes condense Spindle forms Nuclear envelope fragments Called Synapsis Crossing over - homologous pairs swap pieces of chromosome tetrad - Creates new combinations of traits from mom from dad synapsis Metaphase I Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell Sister chromatids homologs 5
6 Independent Assortment - chromosomes line up randomly - independent of one another Independent Assortment - in humans produces 2 23 (8,388,608) different combinations Before meiosis Maternal Paternal After meiosis - How many possibilities??? - 2 n (n=number of chromosomes) Anaphase I Telophase I Homologs separate and move to opposite poles. Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres. Nuclear envelopes reassemble Spindle disappears Cytokinesis divides cell into two. 6
7 Review: Meiosis I 1st division of meiosis separates homologous pairs prophase1 2n = 4 single 2n = 4 2nd division of meiosis separates sister chromatids Meiosis 2 1n = 2 prophase2 synapsis metaphase1 2n = 4 1n = 2 metaphase2 tetrad telophase1 1n = 2 1n = 2 single telophase2 Meiosis II Only one homolog of each chromosome is present in the cell. Meiosis II: Reducing Chromosome Number Sister chromatids are still attached Meiosis II produces gametes with one copy of each chromosome and thus one copy of each gene. Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II 4 haploid cells 7
8 Prophase II Metaphase II Nuclear envelope fragments. Spindle forms. Chromosomes align along equator of cell. Equator Anaphase II Pole Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Telophase II Nuclear envelope assembles Chromosomes decondense Spindle disappears Cytokinesis divides cell into two 8
9 Results of Meiosis Gametes (egg & sperm) form Meiosis 1 Four haploid cells with one copy of each chromosome One allele of each gene Different combinations of alleles for different genes along the chromosome Meiosis 2 9
10 The value of meiosis Meiosis introduces genetic variation gametes of offspring do not have same genes as gametes from parents This is the raw material for EVOLUTION Sources of genetic variability Genetic variability in sexual reproduction independent assortment homologous chromosomes in Meiosis 1 crossing over between homologous chromosomes in prophase 1 random fertilization random ovum fertilized by a random sperm from Mom from Dad new gametes made by offspring Any 2 parents will produce a zygote with over 70 trillion (2 23 x 2 23 ) diploid combinations Sexual reproduction creates variability Sexual reproduction allows us to maintain both genetic similarity & differences. Michael & Kirk Douglas Baldwin brothers Martin & Charlie Sheen, Emilio Estevez 10
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