CH. 1 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

Transcription

1 CH. 1 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS civiliza'on ˌsivələˈzā sh ən noun the stage of human social development and organizakon that is considered most advanced : they equated the railroad with progress and civiliza7on. the process by which a society or place reaches this stage. the society, culture, and way of life of a parkcular area : the great books of Western civiliza7on the early civiliza7ons of Mesopotamia and Egypt. the comfort and convenience of modern life, regarded as available only in towns and cikes : the fur traders moved further and further from civiliza7on.

2 B.C. = BEFORE CHRIST B.C.E. = BEFORE THE COMMON ERA * A.D. = ANNO DOMINI LAT. IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD (0) C.E. = COMMON ERA (0) * PC = POLITICALLY CORRECT * WHY?

3 Before Civilization Prehistory: before wriuen records appeared (c B.C.E.) Early man and archaeological evidence Tool- making hominids appear about 2 million years ago Neanderthal (thirty thousand to two hundred thousand years ago)

4 Before Civilization Early man and archaeological evidence Upper Paleolithic Age, c. 40,000 B.C.E. Homo sapiens sapiens Finely crafted tools Cave paintings at Lascaux Cave paintings from Lascaux (right)

5 Before Civilization Hunters and gatherers constantly on the move (c. 11,000 B.C.E.) Social, economic, and political consequences Without domesticated animals, there were no significant material possessions Undeveloped division of labor Acquiring food and tools the top priority No storable surpluses

6 The fertile crescent

7 The growth of agriculture

8 The Neolithic RevoluKon: New Stone Age, c. 11,000 B.C.E. The emergence of towns and villages Emergence of villages Jericho (c B.C.E.) Grain- producing seulement Massive building program (walls and a tower) Supported three thousand inhabitants PoUery used for storage

9 The Neolithic RevoluKon: New Stone Age, c. 11,000 B.C.E. The emergence of towns and villages Food storage Led to inequalities of wealth Tied people to a specific community Trade and the exchange of commodities Accelerated exchange of commodities and new ideas Increasing social stratification Social elites

10 GROWTH OF CITIES POTTERY TO STORE AND COOK FOOD IRRIGATION TO STORE WATER/DIVERT TO CROPS TRADE TO ACQUIIRE RARE GOODS AFFECT - Wealth gap Some accumulated more, some less - Religion divine intervenkon for seasonal needs (rain) - Social Class DisKncKons rulers, priests, laborers, etc

11 Urban Development in Mesopotamia Urbanism in the Uruk Period ( B.C.E.) Transition to Sumerian city-states Temple architecture Urbanization and expansion of trade routes The development of writing Recordkeeping Cuneiform ( wedge-shaped writing )

12 Cuneiform writing

13 Necessity is the mother of inven'on. How does this saying apply to the Sumerians?

14 The Culture of Sumer Religion Pantheon of Sumerian gods (around fifteen hundred of them) Each city-state protected by its own patron god Redistributive economy and the temple/ warehouse complex

15 The Culture of Sumer Slavery Prisoners of war Slaves as forms of property The Early Dynastic Period begins ( B.C.E.) War leadership and kingship Conflict between city-states

16 The Culture of Sumer Science, technology, and trade High degree of self-reliance and ingenuity Produced copper weapons and tools Invention of the wheel (chariots and carts) Mathematics Lunar calendar Trade Acquired raw materials Interacted with Egyptians and Persians

17 The Old Babylonian Empire Hammurabi Ascends throne in 1792 B.C.E. Used wrikng as a weapon - Ruled as a shepherd rather than a Lugal ( big man )

18 The Old Babylonian Empire Law and Society under Hammurabi Interweaves political power with religious practice United his people politically Ruled as king of Babylon, the city of Marduk

19 The Old Babylonian Empire Law and Society under Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi Actual rulings of Hammurabi The code was probably never intended to be a code of laws in the modern sense The code as propaganda, used to publicize the king s devotion to justice The Code of Hammurabi (right)

20 The Old Babylonian Empire Hammurabi s legacy The creation of a durable state Helped establish a conception of kingship The importance of religion