Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology and the Human Body

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2 Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology and the Human Body By Carolyn Miller

3 All Rights Reserved 2013 Carolyn Miller Outside of fair use, no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any way withou express permission of the author. Cover art Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci

4 Dedication: For my Jeff You are the sun that keeps me in orbit.

5 Preface: Please note this text is designed to act as a lesson supplement. This text is not intended to provide a comprehensive review of the materials covered without a full Biology or Anatomy & Physiology curriculum to back it up. The Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps serie is designed to provide a limited review of the objectives and vocabulary covered by many instructors. This series is in note-like format to supplement any student study guide on the topic, and provides a self test at the end of each text to help with material review. The Biology and Anatomy & Physiology Helps series also provides note taking tips as an ai to the student to further develop classroom and study skills.

6 Table of Contents: Preface Note Taking Helps Defining Anatomy and Physiology The Principal of Complementarity of Structure and Function Structural Organization Organ Systems Homeostasis Anatomical Position and Definitions Body Cavities and Membranes Self Test Answers Resources and References About the Author

7 Note Taking Helps: Note taking helps are provided to aid the student in further development of study and classroom skills. The following abbreviations can help you increase your note taking speed i class and increase readability of notes at a later time. ~ = approximately = therefore w/ = with w/o = without b/c = because # = number or pounds = increase = decrease + = positive - = negative = = equals > = greater than < = less than ex = example excp = exception or = yields Biology: NZ = enzyme

8 NG = energy O₂ = oxygen CO₂ = carbon dioxide C = carbon AA = amino acid H₂O = water CT = connective tissue RBC = red blood cell WBC = white blood cell Hb = hemoglobin = female = male 1 = primary 2 = secondary 3 = tertiary 4 = quaternary temp = temperature A&P = anatomy and physiology

9 Defining Anatomy and Physiology anatomy the study of the shape and structure of living organisms and their parts there are many branches of anatomy gross anatomy deals with body structure visible with the naked eye also called macroscopic anatomy regional anatomy all the structures in a particular region of the body are studied at the same time systemic anatomy body structures are studied system by system developmental anatomy studies structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span embryology -a division of developmental anatomy that studies development form conception to birth surface anatomy the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin microscopic anatomy cytology -the study of the cells of the body histology -the study of body tissues pathological anatomy studies structural changes caused by disease radiographic or x-ray anatomy studies the internal structures as visualized by x-ray film

10 physiology the study of the functions of living organism and their parts how the body works and carries on its life-sustaining activities often focuses on events that happen at the molecular and cellular level requires a basic understanding of electrical currents, blood pressure and the way muscle uses bone for movement, and the physics involved with each there are many subdivisions of physiology renal physiology the study of kidney function and urine production neurophysiology the study of the nervous system cardiovascular physiology the study of the heart and blood vessels

11 The Principal of Complementarity of Structure and Function principal of complementarity this principal is an integral part of the study of anatomy and physiology it will come up throughout your studies. what a structure can do is dependent upon its form, therefore anatomy and physiology are usually studied together structure (anatomy) always reflects function (physiology) structural characteristics of a cell, organ or system will contribute to its function (example: bones are made up of mineral deposits which are hard allowing bones to function as organs of support and protection)

12 Structural Organization structural organization can be broken down to many levels the levels build upon one another chemical level- contains atoms and molecules which associate in specific ways to form organelles cellular level tissue level tissues -groups of similar cells that have a common function organ level organ four basic types epithelium muscle nervous connective tissue (CT) differentiated part of the body made up of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function. each organ has a specialized function for the body which no other organ can perform at organ level, more complex functions become possible organ system level organismal level organs that work together to accomplish a specific task are part of the sam organ system.

13 the whole living organism with all parts functioning together. Structural Organization Flow Chart atoms molecules macromolecules organelles cell tissue organ organ system organism

14 The Properties of Life anatomy and physiology are branches of biology, the science of life the properties of life an organism must be able to maintain are maintaining boundaries so the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment movement or locomotion -the ability of an organism to propel itself from one location t another responsiveness or excitability -the ability to react to one's environment digestion -the breakdown of ingested foodstuff metabolism -all chemical reactions that occur within the body excretion -the ability to remove wastes from the body reproduction -the ability to procreate cells and individuals growth -increase in size of a part or whole organism

15 Organ Systems the human body's organ systems and their major functions cardiovascular system -circulates blood which carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste and carbon dioxide digestive system -breaks down food into absorbable nutrients to be distributed to the body via the blood endocrine system -glands secrete hormones that regulate the body and its processes integumentary system -forms protective external body covering lymphatic/immune system - picks up fluid and returns it to the blood vessels, disposes of debris and houses white blood cells muscular system - allows for movement and manipulation of the environment and produces heat nervous system -body's control system, responds to internal and external stimuli reproductive system -functions to produce offspring respiratory system -keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood skeletal system -protects and supports the body and organs, provides framework for muscles that allows for locomotion, provides mineral storage and a location for blood cell formation urinary system -eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water and electrolyte balance of the blood interrelationships between the organ systems occur to support homeostasis in the body.

16 Homeostasis homeostasis a state of equilibrium, in the body or stable internal environment the body is aways in a dynamic state of equilibrium chemical, thermal and neural factors inside and outside the body all interact to maintain homeostasis homeostasis is necessary for health most disease can be regarded as a homeostatic imbalance homeostatic control communication within the body is required to maintain homeostasis all body systems contribute to homeostasis but the nervous and endocrine systems are the most important nervous system -utilizes electrical impulses as information carriers endocrine system -utilizes blood-borne hormones as information carriers homeostatic control mechanisms processes that involve at least 3 components that work together receptor usually involves nervous or endocrine system inputing message monitors environment and responds to environmental changes or stimuli input sent along afferent pathways that approach the control centers control center responds to stimulus and determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

17 positive feedback -response enhances original stimulus (examples: childbirth contractions enhance until baby is delivered, blood clotting) effector negative feedback -output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces the intensity (examples: regulation of body temperature, withdrawal reflex) most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms output sent along efferent pathways that exit the control center to effector organs effects the response provides the means to respond to the stimulus homeostatic control mechanism flow chart stimulation receptor afferent pathway control center efferent pathway effector balance

18 Anatomical Position and Definitions (study note: make flash cards of the following terms, separate them in categories of anterior posterior, planes/sections, body cavities and membranes) anatomical position body erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward right and left refer to the subject's right and and left and not those of the observer planes and sections frontal/coronal plane -a longitudinal plane separating the body into anterior and posterior sections median/midsagittal plane -a longitudinal plane down the midline of the body separatin the body into left and right sections oblique section -cuts made diagonally across the body sagittal -longitudinal plane separates the body right to left transverse horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts, cross section orientation and directional terms allow for the precise location of a body structure is in relation to another abdominal -anterior body, trunk, inferior to ribs deltoid/acromial - shoulder antecubital -anterior surface, in front of the elbow antebrachial - forearm axillary -armpit region

19 brachial -anterior and posterior surfaces, arm above the elbow buccal anterior surface, cheek carpal -wrist cephalic -anterior and posteriors, head cervical -neck coxal -anterior surface, hip deep away from the body's surface, more internal digital -refers to the fingers or toes distal -further from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the torso dorsal -toward the back of the body, back, behind dorsum -posterior surface, back femoral anterior and posterior thigh (femur) frontal -anterior region of the forehead gluteal -posterior surface, buttocks or rump inferior -away from from the head or toward the bottom of a structure or body, below inguinal anterior surface, groin lateral -away from the midline of the body, on the outer side lumbar -posterior surface, back between the ribs and hips or loin mammary -anterior surface, breast manus -anterior and posterior surface, hand medial -toward the midline of a body, on the inner side mental -anterior surface, chin nasal -anterior surface, nose occipital -posterior surface, back of head

20 olecranal posterior surface, point of the elbow oral anterior surface, mouth orbital -anterior surface, bony eye socket or orbit patellar -anterior knee region or kneecap pedal -anterior and posterior surfaces, foot perineal -posterior surface between the anus and external genitalia, the perineum planter -posterior surface, sole of the foot popliteal -posterior surface, back of the knee proximal -closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the torso pubic -anterior surface, genital region or pubis sacral -posterior surface, area between the hips, overlying sacrum scapular -posterior surface, scapula or shoulder blade sternal -anterior surface, region of the breast bone or sternum superficial -toward the body's surface, external superior toward the head or upper end of a body, above tarsal -ankle thoracic -anterior surface, chest umbilical -anterior surface, naval ventral -toward the front of the body, front vertebral posterior surface, spinal column

21 Body Cavities and Membranes abdominopelvic cavity -body cavity containing the digestive and reproductive organs because the abdominopelvic cavity is large and contains many organs it can be separated into 4 quadrants right upper quadrant (RUQ) right lower quadrant (RLQ) left upper quadrant (LUQ) left lower quadrant (LLQ) cranial cavity -body cavity within the skull, containing the brain dorsal body cavity -located in the back of body, protects the nervous system separated into cranial cavity and spinal/vertebral cavity pleura -membrane that surrounds the lungs pleural cavity -body cavity that houses the lungs pericardial cavity encloses the heart pericardium -membrane surrounding the heart parietal layer -outer layer of an enveloping membrane lining the walls of a cavity peritoneum -serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity serous fluid -fluid lubricant located between serous layers or membranes serous membranes -thin double layer membranes found in body cavities function -protective covering, protects from movement and friction thoracic cavity body cavity surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest further subdivided into the pleural, and pericardial cavities ventral body cavity -body cavity located in the torso, anterior to the dorsal cavity subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

22 visceral layer -inner layer of a protective enveloping membrane lining the surface of an organ, in direct contact with the organ vertebral/spinal cavity -body cavity containing the spinal cord, protected by the vertebral column

23 Self Test 1. What is anatomy? 2. What level of structural organization in is a histologist studying? 3. What is the principal of complementarity of structure and function? 4. Complete the flow chart: macromolecules organelles tissue 5. What organ system functions to allow for movement and manipulation of the environment and produces heat? 6. Most disease can be considered a imbalance. 7. Complete the following flow chart: receptor afferent pathway efferent pathway effector 8. The fingers are (proximal/distal) to the elbow 9. Manus refers to what area of the body? 10. What is a longitudinal plane down the midline of the body separating the body into left and right sections called?

24 Answers 1. the study of the shape and structure of living organisms and their parts 2. tissue level, histology is the anatomy of tissues 3. function always reflects structure, what a structure can do is dependent upon its form. 4. cell 5. muscular system 6. homeostatic 7. control center 8. distal 9. hand 10. median/midsagittal plane

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