The Nervous System. Introduction. Chapter 9 Nervous System. Central Nervous System

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Clemence Norman
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Nerves 1 Introduction Nervous system: Complex: 10 billion nerve cells Voluntary and

1 Chapter 9 Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Nerves Nerves Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nerves Parasympathetic Nerves 1 Introduction Nervous system: Complex: 10 billion nerve cells Voluntary and involuntary functions Nerves carry electrical messages External and internal receptors 2 1

2 Nervous System Two major divisions: Brain Spinal cord cranial nerves spinal nerves 3 General Structure of the Nervous System Cranial and spinal nerves Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain. Motor nerves carry messages from the brain. Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers. Sensory receptors 4 General Structure of the Nervous System Autonomic nervous system: Carries impulses from the central nervous system to organs. The autonomic nervous system contains a large group of nerves that function automatically. It controls heart, blood vessels, glands, and involuntary muscles like intestines, and hollow organs such as stomach and urinary bladder. 5 2

3 Automomic Nervous System Sympathetic nerves stimulate body under stress. Parasympathetic nerves balance sympathetic system. Slow heart rate Lower blood pressure 6 Divisions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System 7 Neurons, Nerves, and Glia individual nerve cell Dendrite branching fibers of neuron Cell nucleus 8 3

4 Neurons, Nerves, and Glia Axon carry impulses away fatty tissue that covers the axon giving it a white color (white matter) cell bodies of neurons not covered with a myelin sheath. 9 Neurons, Nerves, and Glia space where nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to another Terminal end fibers - (secrete neurotransmitters) Neurotransmitters - transfer impulse across synapse Ganglia - small clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord. 10 Neurotransmitters chemicals that control the transfer of an impulse across the synapse Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Endorphins 11 4

5 12 The Brain Controls body activities, weighs about 3 lbs 13 The Cerebrum Largest section of brain Surface has nerve cells called cerebral cortex. Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought 14 5

6 Cerebrum Spaces in the middle of the cerebrum are called. Ventricles contain (C SF). This fluid cushions the brain. CSF can be removed for testing or relief of pressure on the brain. 15 The Brain 16 The Brain Coordinates voluntary movements Maintains balance 17 6

The Brain Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain) 18 Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions Regulates release of hormones from pituitary

7 The Brain Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain) 18 Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems 19 The Brainstem The Brain Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest of the brain Houses nerves for face and eyes 20 7

8 The Brainstem Connects spinal cord to brain Nerve tracts from side to side Regulates: Blood vessels Heart Respiratory system 21 Pons and Medulla 22 Thyroid Gland 23 8

9 The Spinal Cord and Meninges Spinal cord 24 Meninges Meninges 25 Combining Forms p. 419 Cephal/o Cerebr/o dur/o Encephal/o Gli/o 26 9

10 Combining Forms p. 419 Mening/o Meningi/o Myel/o Neur/o 27 Combining Forms comat/o esthesi/o, esthesi/a kines/o, -kinesia 28 Suffixes -paresis -phasia -plegia 29 10

11 Suffixes -asthenia alges/o, algesia algia 30 QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means nerve pain? A. cephalgia B. analgesia C. hypalgesia D. neuralgia

12 Pathologic Conditions abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain Spina bifida cystica Spina bifida occulta 33 Spina Bifida Spina bifida occulta is the most common and least severe spinal cord defect. Incomplete closure of one or more vertebrae without protrusion of spinal cord or meninges. Spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin. 34 Spina Bifida Spina bifida cystica has two classifications: Meningocele sac contains only meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Meningomyelocele sac contains meninges, CSF, and a portion of the spinal cord

13 Meningomyelocele 36 Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders Alzheimer disease (AD) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Epilepsy Huntington disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) Myasthenia gravis (MG) Palsy Parkinson disease Tourette syndrome

14 Bell Palsy 39 Infectious Disorders Herpes zoster (shingles) Meningitis Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy 40 Neoplastic Disorders 41 14

Contusion Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma

15 42 Traumatic Disorders : Temporary brain dysfunction after injury, usually clears within 24 hours 43 Cerebral Contusion Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to head Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours 44 15

CVA cerebral vascular accident blood clot in artery leaving to the brain dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries a blood vessel, such as the cerebral

16 CVA cerebral vascular accident blood clot in artery leaving to the brain dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occurs 45 Vascular Disorders 46 X-ray Tests Clinical Procedures Cerebral angiography Computed tomography (CT) of the brain Myelography 47 16

EEG - Electroencephalography 48 A needle is inserted in

17 Clinical Procedures MRI - Magnetic resonance Imaging - Magnetic resonance angiogram - Positron emission scan EEG - Electroencephalography 48 A needle is inserted in the spinal cord for removal of CSF. 49 MRA and MRI 50 17

18 MRI 51 CT Scan 52 PET scan reveals the cellular level metabolic changes occurring in an organ or tissue

PET Scan - Positron Emission Tomography The red color shows the highest level of glucose utilization, yellow represents less utilization and blue shows the least.

19 PET Scan - Positron Emission Tomography The red color shows the highest level of glucose utilization, yellow represents less utilization and blue shows the least. 54 Abbreviations page 429 Alzheimer disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 55 Abbreviations page 429 central nervous system computed tomography cerebrovascular accident cerebrospinal fluid 56 19

20 Abbreviations Electroencephalogram intracranial pressure lumbar puncture 57 Abbreviations MG MRA MRI myasthenia gravis magnetic resonance angiography magnetic resonance imaging 58 Build Medical Terms 1.pertaining to the cerebrum and spine: 2.incision of the cranium (skull): 3.crushing a nerve: 4.hernia(tion) of meninges and spinal cord: 59 20

21 Build Medical Terms 5.inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord: 6.paralysis of four (limbs): 7.tumor of nerve, embryonic cell: 60 Build Medical Terms 8.pertaining to the cerebrum: 9. condition of water in the head: 10. separation, destruction, or loosening of a nerve: 61 Craniotomy Incision of the skull to gain access to the brain during neurological procedures. Performed to control brain bleeds, relieve intracranial pressure (ICP), and remove brain tumors

22 Pharmacology Produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness. General anesthetics act on brain to produce complete loss of consciousness. Local anesthetics act on nerves or nerve tracts to affect a local area only. 63 Pharmacology Anticonvulsants Prevent or reduce severity of epileptic or other convulsive seizures; also called. Antiparkinsonian agents Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. 64 Pharmacology Alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia

Chapter 7: The Nervous System

Chapter 7: The Nervous System I. Organization of the Nervous System Objectives: List the general functions of the nervous system Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system