OUTCOME STATEMENTS CELL RESPIRATION CELL RESPIRATION. 3.7 Cell respiration Define cell respiration.
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1 CELL RESPIRATION OUTCOME STATEMENTS CELL RESPIRATION 3.7 Cell respiration Define cell respiration State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysisinto pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP Explain that, during anaerobic cell respiration, pyruvatecan be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvatecan be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. All living things need a continuous supply of energy to carry out metabolic processes necessary to sustain life. They obtain this energy from food that is either made by the organism (autotroph) or obtained from other organisms (heterotroph). All living organisms use ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a chemical substance that diffuses into cells and release energy. ATP is a chemical form of energy used to fuel endergonic biological activities. Organisms cannot survive without ATP but can only store small amounts so ATP must be continuously produced in order to sustain life. Organisms do this through a process called cell respiration. Cell respiration is a process in which organic compounds such as lipids and carbohydrates are broken down and the energy released from this breakdown is used to produce ATP. (catabolic pathway)
2 ENERGY RELEASE ATP Cell respiration can de defined as the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. *** Adenosine Triphosphate 5-Carbon sugar (Ribose) Nitrogenous base (Adenine) 3 Phosphate groups Energy currency of the cell The chemical bonds that link the phosphate groups together are high energy bonds When a phosphate group is removed to form ADP and P, small packets of energy are released As ATP is broken down, it gives off usable energy to power chemical work and gives off some nonusable energy as heat. ATP WHY DO CELLS MAKE ATP? Breaking down glucose yields too much energy for cellular reactions and most of the energy would be wasted as heat. 1 Glucose = 686 kcal 1 ATP = 7.3 kcal 1 Glucose 36 ATP How efficient are cells at converting glucose into ATP? 38% of the energy from glucose yields ATP, therefore 62% wasted as heat. MOTION.COM/ATP/INDEX. HTML CELL RESPIRATION OVERALL C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 CO H 2 O
3 THE PROCESS IN CELLS All respiration is slow oxidation. In slow oxidation molecules are acted on by a series of enzymes and there are sequential reactions which break bonds one at a time to control the release of energy. Although all biological molecules can be broken down and used as fuel, glucose ( C 6 H 12 O 6 )is most often the organic compound that is used in cell respiration. There are two forms of cell respiration; anaerobic and aerobic. Oxygen is used during aerobic cell respiration but not during anaerobic cell respiration. CELL RESPIRATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 4 PARTS: PARTS OF THE MITOCHONDRIA 1) Glycolysis 2) Oxidation of Pyruvate/ Transition Reaction 3) The Krebs Cycle 4) The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation Glycolysis: Cytosol WHERE DO THE 4 PARTS OF CELL RESPIRATION TAKE PLACE? Oxidation of Pyruvate: Matrix The Krebs Cycled: Matrix Electron Transport Chain and Cheimiosmotic Phosphorylation: Cristae GLYCOLYSIS The glucose is broken down into a simple organic compound called pyruvate. During this process called glycolysis, a small amount of ATP is made using the energy released from the breakdown of glucose. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.
4 GLYCOLYSIS CONT D GLYCOLYSIS CONT D Once glucose enters the cell it is acted upon and modified by an enzyme. A second enzyme modifies it even more and then a series of reactions split the 6- carbon glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate. Somebonds are broken during this process and the energy is used to form a small amount of ATP. During glycolysisthere are four molecules of ATP formed but there is only a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP. This is because the cell has to use 2 molecules of ATP to begin glycolysis CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE Anaerobic respiration is a process that transfers energy from food to ATP without the use of oxygen. Organisms that respire anaerobicallyare referred to as anaerobes and this process is also known as fermentation. ANAEROBES Anaerobes only partially break down glucose to generate ATP. Once glucose is broken down into pyruvate, it remains in the cytoplasm of the cell and is then converted to a waste product that can then be removed from the cell. No further yield of ATP TWO ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS There are two main anaerobic pathways, lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION Alcoholic fermentation occurs in the cells of yeast. After glycolysis, the two pyruvatemolecules are converted into ethanol, a 2-carbon molecule. The carbon atom that was lost in the conversion is given off in a carbon dioxide molecule. Therefore, the end products of alcoholic fermentation are alcohol molecules and carbon dioxide.
5 LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION Organisms that mainly use aerobic respiration can occasionally find themselves in a situation where there is not enough oxygen to continue on the aerobic pathway. This often occurs if someone is pushing their body beyond their normal exercise routine. In this situation the respiration pathway converts to anaerobic. Due to the lack of oxygen, after glycolysisis completed the pyruvate molecules are converted into lactic acid ( C 3 H 6 O 3 ) molecules. AEROBIC RESPIRATION Aerobic respiration is a complex process involving many steps during which organic food molecules (glucose) are broken down and the energy released is used to synthesize ATP. Cells that contain mitochondria use aerobic cell respiration as their primary cell respiration pathway. Aerobic respiration begins with glycolysisso there is a production of 2 molecules of ATP and pyruvate. AEROBIC RESPIRATION CONT D AEROBIC RESPIRATION CONT D Unlike anaerobic cell respiration, oxygen is available so pyruvateis absorbed by the mitochondria and is further broken down. Unlike anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration completely breaks down or oxidizes glucose molecules and the end products are ATP, carbon dioxide and water. During this process a much larger yield of ATP is produced than that produced during anaerobic respiration. In the mitochondria the pyruvateloses a carbon dioxide molecule and is converted into acetyl-coa. The acetyl-coathen enters the metabolic pathway known as the Krebs cycle. During the Krebs cycle more carbon dioxide is produced along with ATP.
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