Glossary of Terms. Aerobic Threshold Minimum rate at which heart must work in order to improve aerobic fitness.

Transcription

1 Glossary of Terms Aerobic Respiration The process of obtaining energy using oxygen. Aerobic Threshold Minimum rate at which heart must work in order to improve aerobic fitness. Anaerobic Respiration The process of obtaining energy without using oxygen. Anaerobic Threshold Minimum rate at which heart must work in order to improve anaerobic fitness. Alveoli Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Chemical substance which provides all energy needs of the body. Must be reformed constantly Capillary Tiny vessels which oxygen passes through CP Creatine Phosphate System System which provides energy instantly but is used up quickly (immediate energy system) Glycogen Chemical substance we use to store glucose in the body Lactic Acid System The breakdown of carbohydrates to provide energy, usually functioning during activities which last between 1 3 minutes. Lactic acid is the waste product of this and is transported by the blood and the liver for removal. 1

2 Energy for Exercise Our bodies need energy for different reasons Growth Muscular contractions Repair We obtain this energy from food Food broken down in gut into a liquid Used for energy, growth & repair Passes through gut wall into blood Blood carries it to cells & muscles TASK ONE i) Which three forms of food do our bodies get energy from? 1) 2) 3) ii) What is the process called by which food is broken down? The cells get energy from glucose in a process called Respiration There are two kinds of respiration that take place in our muscle fibres: Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to produce energy Glucose + Oxygen Energy + C02 + Water Some energy is used by muscles Most is produced as heat Anaerobic Respiration Does not use oxygen to produce energy Glucose Energy + Lactic Acid Less energy than aerobic respiration Lactic acid cause discomfort & fatigue 2

3 The Energy Systems Our bodies store energy in a number of ways, but we can only use it when it is in the form of a chemical compound called ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP). Only small amounts of ATP can be stored in the muscles, so the body must keep making it. If muscles use up energy faster than it is being made, we will get tired. There are 3 energy systems Creatine Phosphate (CP) Lactic Acid Aerobic System These systems work together to ensure muscles are getting energy in the form of ATP Creatine Phosphate (CP) Immediate Energy System Provides energy the quickest Energy only lasts for a very short period of time (up to 10sec) Available instantly as some is stored in muscles Creates oxygen deficit Important for short bursts of explosive speed Example Lactic Acid Short Term Energy System Used when ATP & CP supplies used up Uses glycogen to provide ATP Provides energy fast (cannot use for long) Tire as waste products build up in muscles Creates oxygen deficit Important when all out effort is continued for up to approximately 1 minute Example 3

4 Aerobic System Provides energy for long periods of time Requires oxygen to work Produces energy slowly (no good for intense activities) Long Term Energy System Important for athletes who need to keep working over long periods of time Example Training Thresholds/Training Zones By calculating our Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) we can work out what level we need to work at to improve certain aspects of our fitness (our threshold) Above 95% MHR = Speed Training Zone 85% 95% MHR = Anaerobic Training Zone 60% - 80% MHR = Aerobic Training Zone Improves aerobic fitness Anaerobic Threshold Up to 60% MHR = Recovery Zone No aerobic training effects Helps recovery during training Aerobic Threshold 4

5 TASK TWO Work out your Maximum Heart Rate. Using the graph below, calculate your heart rate in order to improve your Aerobic and Anaerobic fitness: Our MHR can be calculated in the following way: 220 age = MHR My Maximum Heart Rate is: bpm To improve my Aerobic fitness I must exercise at: bpm To improve my Anaerobic fitness I must exercise at: bpm 5

6 Past Paper Type Questions 1) Explain the term aerobic training threshold? [1] 2) Muscles obtain energy from glucose in a process called aerobic respiration. (i) What other substance is needed for this? [1] (ii) Name the two waste substances produced & describe how they are excreted [4] 3) Give a specific example in a sport of your choice of an anaerobic activity. [2] 4) During the course of a GAME players use both the Aerobic & Anaerobic energy systems. Explain giving examples from a GAME of your choice where a player might have to call on each of the energy systems to provide energy. [3] 6

7 5) During maximum effort, such as sprinting, muscles need a lot of energy quickly but oxygen (O2) cannot reach the muscles fast enough. (i) Which energy system is best used to provide the necessary fuel for such an activity? [1] (ii) Explain the term oxygen debt (O2) [2] 6) (i) The table below shows a number of activities that are common to many games. For each activity identify the main energy system that would be used. [4] ACTIVITY MAIN ENERGY SYSTEM USED Jogging back after an attack. Kicking, throwing, hitting or serving. Sprinting to take on a defender over 10 metres. Counter attacking immediately after sprinting back 50 metres to defend. (ii) The energy system used for any sporting activity depends on which two factors? [2] I II (iii) How could an understanding of the energy systems help a teacher/coach of a sports team train his/her players? [2] 7

8 7) The diagram below shows the thresholds of training & training zones for a twentyyear-old athlete. Heart Rate (bmp) X Y C A B Write down the letter that identifies each of the following: (i) The anaerobic training zone [1] _ (ii) The aerobic training zone [1] _ (iii) Explain how the maximum heart rate has been estimated [1] _ (iv) Explain why it is important for an athlete to be aware of the thresholds. [1] _ 8) Why is lactic acid produced during anaerobic activity? [1] 8

9 9) The graph below shows the heart rate of an eighteen-year-old badminton player during a game. (i) Give two pieces of evidence to suggest that this player is a fit competitor. [2] (ii) What evidence is there to suggest that this player worked both aerobically & anaerobically during the game? Aerobically: [1] Anaerobically: [1] 10) In the body, energy is obtained from glucose. In what form is glucose stored in the body? [2] 9

10 11) The three main energy systems used to fuel the body during sporting activity are the: ATP-CP system, lactic acid system and the aerobic system. Choose a team game and give specific situations from this game to identify when each of the three energy systems would be needed. [4] Team Game: Energy System ATP-CP system (CP - Creatine Phosphate) Lactic acid system When energy system would be needed Aerobic system 10

11 12) The diagram below shows how a sixteen-year-old sportsperson can use heart rate to work out how hard to train. Heart rate & training of a sixteen-year-old sportsperson Heart Rate (bmp) B D F Resting HR (i) What heart rate is indicated at 204 bpm (A)? [1] A C E G (ii) What threshold is indicated at 163 bpm (C)? [1] (iii) What threshold is indicated at 122 bpm (E)? [1] (iv) In which training zone does lactic acid build up quickly? Is it B, D or F? [1] (iv) How does lactic acid build up affect training time and recovery time? [2] Training time Recovery time (vi) Which training zone is important for improving aerobic fitness? Is it B, D or F? [1] (vii) Explain why training zone F has little effect on aerobic fitness? [1] 2005/06 TOTAL = 45 MARKS 11