Introduction to Psychology History and Science Quiz

Transcription

1 1. Emily Rosa, the youngest researcher to have an article published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, discovered that therapeutic touch (TT) practitioners A. are effective in treating many medical problems. B. cannot be tested to determine their effectiveness. C. accurately predicted which hand she held out less than half the time. D. make physical contact with patients to cure their problems. E. rarely use their techniques in medical settings. 2. Your text formally defines psychology as the scientific study of A. human nature. B. theories and research methods. C. the process of learning and modifying behavioral reflexes. D. the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. E. groups of people. 3. The literal meaning of the word 'psychology' is the A. study of the mind. B. study of people. C. science of behavior. D. study of insanity. E. science of people. 4. Wilhelm Wundt founded the A. notion of free will. B. approach of behaviorism. C. psychodynamic approach. D. first laboratory devoted to psychology in the US. E. school of Structuralism. 5. Structuralists were concerned with uncovering the basic structures of A. the unconscious. B. the mind. C. the environment. D. society. E. the family unit. 6. A psychologist who studies how hormones affect a person's behavior is using the A. biological view. B. functional view. C. deterministic view. D. evolutionary view. E. humanistic view. 7. Who theorized that organisms evolve by passing on advantageous traits to their offspring? A. Sigmund Freud B. John Watson C. Charles Darwin D. B.F. Skinner E. Philip Zimbardo Page 1 of 11

2 8. Dr. Pelnick believes that the reason Corey bites his fingernails is that he has an unconscious oral fixation and a hidden self-destructive tendency. Dr. Pelnick is most likely to be which type of psychologist? A. structuralist B. psychodynamic C. biological D. engineering E. behavioral 9. The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes A. developing useful experiments. B. observing workplace productivity. C. treating mental disorders. D. creating surveys to measure behavior. E. examining human relationships. 10. The approach views behavior as driven by powerful inner forces and conflicts. A. biological B. sociocultural C. behavioristic D. psychoanalytic E. humanistic 11. The term 'psyche' means A. people. B. thoughts. C. processes. D. brain. E. mind. 12. The principles of psychoanalysis were first outlined by A. William James. B. B.F. Skinner. C. Sigmund Freud. D. Aristotle. E. John B Watson. 13. The humanistic approach toward psychology emphasizes A. the positive side of human nature. B. the deterministic nature of human environments. C. unconscious motivations and biochemical processes. D. stimulus-response relationships in humans. E. our destructive tendencies. 14. The most important feature of behaviorism that distinguishes it from other approaches to psychology is that A. consciousness is central to the study of the mind. B. only observable behavior is appropriate for study. C. mental abilities evolve just as physical characteristics do. D. a holistic view of a person is essential for understanding. E. groups, not individuals, should be studied. Page 2 of 11

3 15. One of behaviorism's most influential advocates was A. Ivan Pavlov. B. William James. C. B. F. Skinner. D. Sigmund Freud. E. Wilhelm Wundt. 16. According to the view, other people have a large influence on our own behaviors. A. engineering B. sociocultural C. cognitive D. structuralist E. humanistic 17. Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to help individuals overcome their depression? A. clinical B. industrial/organizational (I/O. C. engineering D. school E. social 18. One major difference between sociology and psychology is that psychology tends to focus on A. groups of people. B. the individual. C. problems. D. current times. E. research. 19. Ross is a psychologist, whereas Rachel is a psychiatrist. Thus, which of the following is MOST likely to be true? A. Rachel has not earned a PhD degree. B. They both have earned MD degrees. C. They both can prescribe medicine to help people with psychological problems. D. Only Ross can treat people with psychological problems. E. Ross is more likely than Rachel to use a medical perspective to understand people. 20. Psychology is distinct from psychiatry and psychoanalysis in that A. it requires significantly less graduate training. B. it is concerned with all behavior, not just abnormality and mental illness. C. it is based on counseling therapy rather than medication. D. it is less concerned with scientific method than the latter disciplines. E. it is not considered to be a scientific field. 21. Psychologists are likely to have any of the following degrees EXCEPT which one? A. Master's B. PhD C. EdD D. PsyD E. MD Page 3 of 11

4 22. Empirical investigation is A. simply a study that makes sense. B. data gathered directly by an observer. C. based on random processes. D. biased by random processes. E. always found to be accurate. 23. The term 'hypothesis' literally means A. prediction. B. common sense. C. hunch. D. little theory. E. belief. 24. The most important aspect of a hypothesis is that it must be A. complex. B. personal. C. testable. D. believable. E. sensible. 25. Alexander wants to find out if his hair color determines how much fun he has. He tries three different hair colors (blond, brown, and red) to see how much fun he has with each color. In this example, which of the following is the independent variable? A. the three different hair colors B. the amount of fun he has C. the type of fun he has D. blond hair E. the number of hair colors 26. In an experiment, the independent variable is always A. changed by the subjects. B. confounded by other variables. C. controlled by the researcher. D. created by other researchers. E. considered by the control group. 27. Randomization A. ensures that studies can be replicated. B. is a good way to select the dependent variable. C. is difficult to achieve in research. D. must be used with great caution. E. reduces experimenter bias. 28. The variable whose value is the result of changes in another variable is called a(n) A. intervening variable. B. predictor variable. C. dependent variable. D. independent variable. E. randomized variable. Page 4 of 11

5 29. In a research study, the dependent variable is A. assumed to influence the other variables. B. can be changed by confounding variables. C. involved in standardizing the meaning of concepts. D. involved in maintaining objectivity by avoiding bias. E. controlled by the researcher. 30. Dr. Goodwin wants to determine whether paying people plays a role in their happiness. The level of happiness would be considered to be the A. experimental variable. B. confounding variable. C. dependent variable. D. independent variable. E. control variable. 31. Dr. Budweiser wants to determine how people respond to alcohol. He provides beer for 100 adults. For another 100 adults, he provides a non-alcoholic beer. Then, he measures everyone's mood. Those receiving the non-alcoholic beer would be A. in the experimental group. B. in the control group. C. in a case study. D. receiving the independent variable. E. receiving the confounding variable. 32. Tom is in a study to measure the effects of caffeine on performance. He is given a caffeine-free beverage that tastes just like a beverage with caffeine. We would say that Tom is A. in the experimental group. B. in a correlational study. C. participating in introspection research. D. receiving the dependent variable. E. receiving a placebo. 33. The correlation coefficient reflects the A. type of research conducted. B. relationship between two variables. C. number of groups (or individuals) studied. D. accuracy of the results. E. amount of change that occurred. 34. Dr. Simpson has discovered that obese people tend to whistle less than skinny people. This indicates what kind of correlation between weight and the tendency to whistle? A. zero B. positive C. negative D. randomized E. placebo 35. The correlation coefficient can range from A. 0 to 1.0. B to C. 0 to 100. D. -10 to +10. E. 0 to 10. Page 5 of 11

6 36. If there is no relationship between variables the correlation coefficient would equal A. +1. B. -1. C. 0. D E Alicia wants to understand peer pressure among adolescents. She goes to a popular mall and observes the activities and interactions of a group of adolescents. Alicia is using A. self-report measures. B. naturalistic observation. C. conditioning. D. introspection. E. a double-blind study. 38. When one's beliefs act as a filter which leads one to pay selective attention to what one sees, bias is occurring. A. personal B. double blind C. expectancy D. placebo E. confounding 39. Confounding variables are changeable factors that could distort the results of an experiment and be confused with the A. hypothesis. B. subjects. C. dependent variable. D. independent variable. E. placebo. 40. Providing each subject with a full and honest account of the true purposes and assumptions of the research at the conclusion of his/her participation is called A. informed consent. B. deception. C. risk/gain assessment. D. debriefing. E. frotteurism. 41. What area of psychology says - All experience can be broken into simple structures of elements and events A. Behaviorism B. Functionalism C. Psychodynamics D. Structuralism E. None of the above Page 6 of 11

7 42. What area of psychology asks - what are the biological reasons for behavior and what can we physically measure? A. Behaviorism B. Functionalism C. Psychodynamics D. Structuralism E. None of the above 43. What area of psychology studies the function in the interaction between behavior and environment? A. Behaviorism B. Functionalism C. Psychodynamics D. Structuralism E. None of the above 44. Which area of psychology believes that behavior is caused by past experiences and inner conflicts? A. Behaviorism B. Functionalism C. Psychodynamics D. Structuralism E. None of the above 45. Who started the school of Behaviorism? 46. Who started the school of Structuralism? Page 7 of 11

8 47. Who started the school of Psychodynamics? 48. This person was a famous Humanist. Introduction to Psychology 49. Who started the first psychological laboratory in Germany? 50. Whose research on children influenced segregation in the United States? Page 8 of 11

9 51. Who was the first president of the APA? Introduction to Psychology 52. Who is considered to be the First True American Psychologist? 53. Psychology attempts to the events that it studies. (THIS IS A MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTION) A. explain B. create C. control D. predict E. describe 54. A Blind Experiment is defined as which of the following? A. The subjects receive a placebo treatment B. The subjects do not know if they received the treatment or not C. The experimenters are visually impaired D. The experimenters do not know who got the treatment E. The subjects are visually impaired F. None of the above 55. What is Naturalistic Observation? A. Observation done in a scientifically controlled observation laboratory B. Observation made without interference in a contrived setting C. Observation made in a non-contrived setting without interfering in behavior D. Observation and interaction with the subject in a natural setting E. None of the above 56. A double Blind Experiment is defined as which of the following? (THIS IS A MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTION) A. The subjects receive a placebo treatment B. The subjects do not know if they received the treatment or not C. The experimenters are visually impaired D. The experimenters do not know who got the treatment E. The subjects are visually impaired F. None of the above Page 9 of 11

10 TRUE OR FALSE: 57. B.F. Skinner founded the first formal psychology laboratory. 58. Functionalism tries to uncover the contents of the unconscious mind. 59. The humanistic view believes that your actions are influenced by your self-concept. 60. Each year, men receive more new doctorates in psychology than do women. 61. Psychiatrists are qualified to write prescriptions. 62. The first step of the scientific method involves performing a controlled test of the independent variable. 63. In an experiment, the independent variable is controlled to see whether it affects the dependent variable. 64. In an experiment, only the control group is controlled by the researcher. 65. A strong correlation implies that one variable is responsible for changes in the other variable. 66. The first American laboratory for psychology was started by William James. 67. The goals of psychology - describe, explain, predict, and create behavior. 68. Psychology is the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. 69. Scientific Method is a set of orderly steps used to analyze and create problems. 70. Behavior is the actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment. 71. Experimenters must be aware that people on the street observing them may interfere in their experiments. This is called Observer Bias. 72. Confounding variables are those not under the control of the experimenter that were not taken into consideration. 73. Informed consent - when subjects are given information about an experiment after being a subject in the experiment. 74. Debriefing - Subjects are told information about the experiment so they can decide if they wish to be a part of the experiment. 75. Naturalistic Observation is just another kind of experiment. 76. Positive correlation occurs when one variable goes up as another also increases. 77. Dependant variables vary due to changes that occur in Independent variables. 78. A correlation of -1 between two events means that the first event does not cause the second event. 79. When a theory is reliable enough to predict an event 100% of the time then it is a valid theory. Page 10 of 11

11 Matching: 80. Match the following Items. A. What are the biological reasons for behaviors? B. These people study people within groups. C. People are trying to reach their maximum potential. D. What is a little theory? E. Want to improve the quality of life. F. These people focus on cultures. G. These people focus on individuals. H. Studies without laboratories. I. A subset of the whole. J. When researchers manipulate one variable to effect another. K. The experimenter manipulates these. L. Results swayed by researcher s preconceived notions. M. Subjects not given the experimental condition. N. The variable that is changed by another variable's fluctuations. A. Natural observations B. Psychologists C. Sample D. Anthropologists E. Dependant Variable F. Behaviorism G. Control Group H. Applied Psychologists I. Hypothesis J. Experiment K. Sociologists L. Humanism M. Independent Variable N. Expectancy Effect Page 11 of 11