Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture

Transcription

1 Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture

2 Questions What is an Ecosystem Approach? What does it mean for Aquaculture Development? Why do we need it?

3 Depletion Degradation Extinction

4 Worrying messages: Global collapse of all taxa currently fished within 40 Years!!

5 ...marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean's capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations

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7 Ecosystem Approach Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture Convention on Biological Diversity Code of Conduct Responsible Fisheries article 9

8 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) International treaty to sustain the diversity of life on Earth - the Ecosystem Approach being an underpinning concept Formalised and adopted following the United Nation Conference on Environment and development (RIO, 1992).

9 Ecosystem Approach Strategy or Planning tool Definition: Strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way (CBD).

10 Ecosystem Approach Sustainable Development Developmet which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs UN, 1997, Bruntland Report Ecological Well-being Human Well-being Key: Balance between human-wellbeing and ecological well-being Understanding our dependence on the functions of ecosystem for generation of ecosystem services

11 Shifting Perspective The EA represents a shift in thinking from development on the one hand and protected areas on the other, to a recognition that humans are an integral part of many ecosystems and that people and their activities lie at the heart of biodiversity conservation; and our wellbeing is dependent in turn on the quality of the ecosystem services we derive from the wider environment.

12 Shifting Perspective Integrated economies and societies Earth s Life Support System Human societies Economies Make sustainable development possible The living resource base as the foundation for the integration Strengthening the ability of people to enhance Earth s life support capacity for societal development and human wellbeing

13 CBD - Ecosystem Approach - 12 Principles Principles are important!! An internationally agreed framework or management approach likely to promote sustainable development. The content of the principles can be traced in various earlier instruments, agreements, declarations

14 CBD - Principles Decentralized Management Effects on adjacent and other ecosystems Conservation of ecosystem structure and functions Appropriate spatial and temporal scales Multi-stakeholder involvement

15 Proposed Operational Guidance for EA Focus on the fuctional relationships and processes witin ecosystems Enhance benefit-sharing Use adaptive management practices Carry out management actions at the scale appropriate for the issue being addressed, with desentralsation to lowest level, as appropriate. Ensure intersectoral cooperation

16 Management must take account of the nature and functioning of ecosystems EA recognises that ecosystems function at a range of scales from highly local to global, and we therefore need a nested approach with different approaches to management according to scale. EA recognises that waste products from one activity or sector may serve as inputs to another, thus enhancing productivity and reducing pressure on ecosystem functions and services

17 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EFF)

18 Ecosystem approach to Fisheries Sustainable use of the whole system and not just targeted species. - Sustain or improve the condition of ecosystems and their productivity is essential for maintaining or increasing the quality and value of fisheries production. - Recognizes that humans are an integral component of the ecosystem and that the many (sometimes competing) interests.

19 Ecosystem Approach in Fisheries It represents a move away from fisheries management systems that focus only on the sustainable harvest of target species and towards systems and decisionmaking processes that balance environmental well-being with human and social well-being within improved governance frameworks. The need to apply an ecosystem approach to fisheries management is now globally accepted

20 Many approaches are proposed in the context of sustainable development for aquatic ecosystems Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) Ecosystem-based management (EBM) Ecosystem approach (EA) Ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) Integrated coastal zone (or area) management (ICZM, ICAM Integrated ocean management (IOM) Community-based fisheries management (co-management) Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) Territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFS) Marine protected areas (MPAs) Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA)

21 Code of Conducts for Responsible Fisheries, 1995 CCRF is a global set of recommendations about how responsible fisheries and aquaculture can be conducted in a manner that contribute to sustainable development.

22 Code of Conducts for Responsible Fisheries, 1995 The principles highlight the benefits of an ecosystem approach to fisheries and aquaculture (article 9)

23 Code of Conducts for Responsible Fisheries, 1995 Code is voluntary, however, certain parts of it are based on relevant rules of international law.

24 Some major principles of the CCRF relating to ecosystem Management measures should not only ensure the conservation of target species but also species beloninging to the same ecosystem States should facilitate consultation and effective participation of all stakeholders All critical habitats, such as wetlands, mangroves, reefs, lagoons, nursery and spawning areas, should be protected and rehabilitated States should ensure that their fishery interests are taken into account in the multiple uses of the coastal zones and are integrated into coastal area management

25 CCRF - Article 9 - Aquaculture States should promote responsible development and management of aquaculture, including evaluation of the effects on genetic diversity and ecosytem integrity State should establish effective procedures to undertake appropriate environmental assessment and monitoring with the aim of minimizing adverse ecological changes and related economic and social consequences

26 CCRF - Article 9 - Aquaculture States should ensure that the livelihoods of local communities, and their access to fishing grounds, are not negatively affected by aquaculture developments. States should produce and regularly update aquaculture development strategies an plans to ensure that aquaculture development is ecolocically sustainable and to allow rational use of resoiurces shared by aquaculture and other users.

27 Code of Conducts for Responsible Fisheries, 1995 When the FAO adopted the code, it also requested the secretariat to develop technical guidelines to support its implementation.

28 An Ecosystem Approach for Aquaculture is a strategy for the integration of the activity within the wider ecosystem such that it promotes sustainable development and resilience of interlinked social-ecological systems (FAO, 2006) (CBD + CCRF)

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30 EAF EAA An ecosystem approach to aquaculture uses a similar planning framework as the EAF Some issues are different, e.g. Maquaculture operations are adding nutrient into the environment Based on a fixed location (accum. over time) Growing rapidly (competition other sectors for space, resources)

31 The EAA should respond to three main principles: 1.Aquaculture development and management should take account of the full range of ecosystem functions and services, and should not threaten the sustained delivery of these to society.

32 The EAA should respond to three main principles: 2.Aquaculture should improve human wellbeing and equity for all relevant stakeholders.

33 The EAA should respond to three main principles: 3.Aquaculture should be developed in the context of other sectors, policies and goals.

34 Ecosystem Approach - Ecosystem-based management From To Individual species Ecosystems Small spatial scale Short-term perspective Multiple scales of different dimensions Long-term perspective Humans independent of ecosystems Management divorced from research Managing commodities Humans as integral parts of ecosystems Adaptive management Sustained production potential for ecosystem goods and services Lubchenco, 1998

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36 Traditional Aquaculture - Ecosystem based management EAA has in a way been practiced since the early stages of aquaculture in small-scale inland aquaculture activities particularly in Asia where the use of poultry wastes (or other organic wastes) are commonly used as feed resources for the culture of carps and other freshwater fish. However, the EAA becomes more difficult and a real challenge in the case of intensive, industrial production but also as a result of the added effect of many small-scale aquaculture.

37 ECOSYSTEM (Ecological services) Natural Resources Direct sun, Industrial energy Economic system AQUACULTURE Degraded resources Degraded energy

38 ECOSYSTEM Economic system AQUACULTURE

39 Thailand (Chantaburi)

40 Bolinao, Pangasinan Milkfish farming in the Philippines

41 Bali

42 Ecosystem Functions and dynamics - tresholds

43 Multi-scale and cross-scale dynamics Three scales/levels of EAA application: - the farm; - the relevant waterbody and its watershed and -the global, markettrade scale

44 Shrimp farming in Thailand - Feed trade

45 Shrimp farming in Thailand - Feed trade Operations very distant from supporting systems No feedback signals from supporting ecosystems - about ecosystem quality

46 Stakeholder involvement and dialogue EAF/EAA planning frameworks not top down but heavily reliant on the dialogue between stakeholders. The development of the plan and its operational aspects is dependent on the input from stakeholders. There is a strong linkage (interdependence) between the ecosystem approach and co-management - they are largely complementary. The rights and degree of empowerment of stakeholders has an important impact on their ability to engage in the decisionmaking and planning processes.

47 Institutional framework Implementation of the ecosystem approach will require the development of institutions and associated integrated management systems which can deliver such an approach at realistic and practical scales, taking full account of the needs and impacts of other sectors, and this is a huge challenge. The key is to develop institutions capable of integration, especially in terms of shared agreed objectives and standards. The diversity of aquaculture practices worldwide, with different production scales, represents a challenge in devising appropriate legal solutions.

48 Moving from Principles to Actions High-level Principles Very generic! Policy Goals socia, economic and ecological Level for management action Key Issues and Objectives Monitoring and Evaluation