GY 111: Physical Geology
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1 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 5: Mineral Classification Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
2 Last Time 1. Elementary Chemistry (atomic structure) 2. Isotopes 3. The Periodic Table 4. Bonding Web notes 4:
3 Fluorite: CaF 2 Copper: Cu Calcite: CaCO 3 Source: csm.jmu.edu
4 Atoms & Atomic Particles Na Cl The sodium-chlorine pairing is called a molecule Molecules are composed of uncharged atoms and/or charged atoms (ions) An atom is the smallest component of an element that can retain the properties of that element
5 Atoms & Atomic Particles Atoms are composed of 3 fundamental particles: 1) Protons 2) Neutrons 3) Electrons Protons & Neutrons always reside in the center of the atom termed the nucleus Electrons are always located in the electron cloud in complex orbitals where they orbit the nucleus Electron Cloud (Electrons) Nucleus (Protons + Neutrons)
6 Atoms & Atomic Particles Proton: has a mass of 1 and a positive charge Neutron: has a mass of 1 and a neutral charge Electron: has a mass of 0 and a negative charge The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is variable and defines the different chemical elements (refer to the periodic table) For an uncharged atom: # of protons = # of electrons
7 Atomic Number & Weight By convention, we put both numbers on a letter that symbolizes that particular element: 1 H 1 2 He 4 6 C 12 Atomic Number Atomic Weight
8 Isotopes The number of protons and electrons for an element does not vary, but the number of neutrons can. e.g., hydrogen H 1 1 H 2 1 H 3 Proton Neutron - Electron
9 Isotopes The number of protons and electrons for an element does not vary, but the number of neutrons can. e.g., hydrogen H 1 1 H 2 1 H 3 Stable Unstable
10 Simple atomic structure: Level (n) "Name" # of electrons (2n 2 ) 1 K 2 2 L 8 3 M 18 4 N 32 5 O 50 Source:
11 The Periodic Table
12 The Periodic Table 1 electron in outer shell 2 electrons in outer shell 3 Es in outer shell 4 Es in outer shell 5 Es in outer shell 6 Es in outer shell 7 Es in outer shell 8 electronss in outer shell
13 Chemical Bonding Loose 1 electron Loose 2 electrons Loose 3 electrons Loose/gain 4 Es Gain 3 electrons Gain 2 electrons Gain 1 electron Already have filled shells
14 Chemical Bonding Three Major types: 1) Ionic bonding; exchange of electrons between atoms to form ions Na + Cl -
15 Chemical Bonding Three Major types: 1) Ionic bonding; exchange of electrons between atoms to form ions 2) Covalent bonding: sharing of electrons between atoms Cl 2
16 Chemical Bonding Three Major types: 1) Ionic bonding; exchange of electrons between atoms to form ions 2) Covalent bonding: sharing of electrons between atoms 3) Metallic bonding: freely exchangeable electrons between nuclei
17 Bonding (Properties) Bond Ionic Covalent Metallic Mineral properties -strong bond -high melting points -vitreous lusters -higher solubility - strong bonds - hard minerals - very high melting points - vitreous adamantine lusters - weak bonds - low to high melting points - metallic lusters -electrically conductive
18 Today s Agenda 1. Crystal Chemistry (Crystallography) 2. Mineral Classification ( classes ) 3. The Silicates Web notes 5 and 6
19 Atomic Packing: The Issue: How do you build 3-dimensional crystals (minerals) from atoms, ions and molecules?
20 Atomic Packing: Minerals are assembled according to exact chemical blueprints
21 Atomic Packing: Minerals are assembled according to exact chemical blueprints and those blue prints are controlled by exact mathematical and physical laws.
22 Atomic Packing: 1) Atoms/ions make up minerals 2) Atoms take up space 3) How do you pack differently sized atoms in space to make up minerals? 2 dimensions Source:
23 Atomic Packing: 3 dimensions Source:
24 Crystal Structures: NaCl (Halite) Source:
25 Crystal Structures: CaF 2 (Fluorite) Source: -Ca 2+ -F -
26 Polymorphs: Two minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystal structures e.g. Graphite (C) Diamond (C)
27 Crystal Structures: These are pretty pictures only. You do NOT have to know this stuff for the exam(s)
28 Crystal Structures: Al 2 O 3 (Ruby) -Al 3+ Source: -O 2-
29 Crystal Structures: CaCO 3 (Calcite) -Ca 2+ Source: -O 2- - C 4+
30 Crystal Structures: CaCO 3 (Aragonite) -Ca 2+ Source: -O 2- - C 4+
31 Crystal Structures: MgFeSiO 4 (Olivine) Source:
32 Crystal Structures: K(Mg,Fe) 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH,F) 2 (Biotite) Source:
33 Why classify minerals?
34 Why classify minerals? At last count, there are well over 4000 distinct minerals in our solar system
35 Why classify minerals? Source: Source: Source:
36 Why classify minerals? At last count, there are well over 4000 distinct minerals in our solar system They are composed of 90+ elements, as well as more complex ions like CO 3 2-, SO 4 2-, PO 4 3- etc.
37 Source: Mineral Classification
38 Mineral Classification Quartz Mineral Name
39 Mineral Classification SiO 2 Chemical Formula
40 Mineral Classification Si 4+ O 2- O 2- Graphic representation (formula)
41 Mineral Classification Source: Graphic representation (crystal structure)
42 Mineral Classification The simplest way to classify minerals is by their anionic composition
43 Mineral Classification Class Name Anion(s) Examples Dominant Bond I Native Elements none Metals: Gold, Copper, Silver Semi-metals: Arsenic (As) Non-metals: diamond, graphite, sulfur Metallic II Sulfides S - Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Galena Covalent III Oxides\hydroxides O 2- OH - hematite, magnetite, limonite IV Halides Cl -, Fl - halite, fluorite V Carbonates CO 3 2- calcite, aragonite, malachite VI Sulfates SO 4 2- gypsum, anhydrite Largely Ionic VII Phosphates PO 4 3- apatite VIII Silicates SiO 4 4- >3000 (i.e., most minerals) Chalk board time
44 Silicate Classification
45 Silicate Classification SiO 4 4- The basic silicate tetrahedra
46 Silicate Classification The basic silicate tetrahedra (ball and stick)
47 Silicate Classification The basic silicate tetrahedra (just sticks)
48 Silicate Classification All silicates have the basic tetrahedra in their structures, but there are 7 distinct silicate classes Chalk board time
49 Silicate Classification Nesosilicates (garnet, olivine) (0 shared oxygen) Inosilicates (pyroxenes) (2 shared oxygens) Sorosilicates (1 shared oxygen) Inosilicates (amphiboles) (2 ½ shared oxygens) Cyclosilicates (2 shared oxygens) Phyllosilicates (micas) (3 shared oxygens)
50 Tektosilicates (quartz, feldspars) (4 shared oxygens) Silicate Classification
51 Today s Homework 1. Download and read web notes 5 and 6 Next Time 1) Quiz 3: short answer (compare and contrast) 2) Volcanoes and volcanism
52 GY 111: Physical Geology Lecture 5: Mineral Classification Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.
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