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1 Gender and Social Institutions: The missing link to achieving the MDGs? DAC GENDERNET meeting Paris, June 21
2 How do we measure social institutions? 5 key areas of discrimination Social Institutions Variables Family Code Physical Integrity Son Preference Civil Liberties Ownership Rights Early marriage Polygamy Parental authority Inheritance Female genital mutilation Violence against women Missing women Freedom of movement Freedom of dress Access to land Access to bank loans Access to property All variables are coded between and 1. The value means no or very low inequality and the value 1 indicates high inequality
3 Gender, social institutions and the MDGs Our new research comparing countries that score highly on SIGI against the MDG indicators shows that countries with high levels of discrimination against women are also those performing poorly against the MDG targets In particular, issues such as VAW, asset ownership and harmful practices such as early marriage and FGM that have major consequences for women s political, economic and social opportunities There is a need for more research into the role that discriminatory social institutions play, how they influence progress towards the MDG targets and what entry points exist for transforming them to lead to more positive and sustainable development outcomes
4 Social Institutions as obstacles to MDG progress Social institutions that discriminate against women also block progress beyond MDG 3 (Gender Equality) and MDG 5 (Safe Motherhood) So what? Donors could identify channels through which development assistance can be used to transform these discriminatory social institutions, and in the process empower women and support progress in the MDGs
5 % underweight children % underweight children % underweight children MDG1: Poverty, Hunger and Ownership Rights Access to Land Access to Credit Malnutrition prevalence (% of children under 5) and Women s access to land, credit, and other property :equal rights,.5:some rights, 1:no rights :equal rights,.5:some rights, 1:no rights Access to Other Property Calculations based on GID-DB and WDI :equal rights,.5:some rights, 1:no rights
6 MDG2: Education for All and Early Marriage Net enrolment ratio (percent of primary schoolaged children enrolled in primary education) and prevalence of early marriage Calculations based on GID-DB and WDI
7 6 8 e( F/M ratio in P & S education X ) 1 2 MDG3: Women s Equality &Physical Integrity 1 12 HND BGD LBY ARGCOL TUNLKA MNG CHN ARM LBN PHL PAN HRVCRI VENNIC DOM NAM BRA FJI MDA ECU TTOMUS BWA PER BLR JAM SLV PRYKAZ TZA BOL CHL URY UKR ZAFBIHKGZBTN CUB UZB ALB AZE IDN UGA RWA RUS MKD DZA MWI SYR SEN KEN GEO MDG GHA GAB NPLGTM HTI ZMB IND VNM TJK BDI SWZ KHM MAR LAO MOZ NGA CMR PAK PNG IRQ COD TGO BEN NER CIV YEM TCD IRN AFG MRT GMB CAF BFA GINERI EGY SDN LBR ETH SLE Physical Integrity, i.e. VAW & FGM (:least, 1:most) GNB MLI BGD IRN MWI KGZ MNG RWA GMB TZA MDA LKA BDI UGA HND NIC MDG PHL NPL GHA ARM SEN KEN HTIZMBCHN TJK BTN UZB PRY ECU TUN UKR BOL COL NAM FJI IDN SYRBIH BLR LBR IND SLV KAZKHM MKD PER VNM DOMGEO BRA ALB DZA ETH LAO RUS PANHRV BWA MOZ CRI AZE ZAF ARG MUS VEN JAM BFA LBN LBY SLE GTM COD NGA SWZ CHL TTO ERI GAB MAR URYCMR PAK TGO NER PNG GIN BEN GNB TCD YEM CIV e( Physical Integrity X ) coef = , se = , t = CAF SDN EGY MLI Ratio of Females-to-Males in Primary & Second Education and values of the SIGI Physical Integrity subindex (indicating prevalence of VAW and FGM practices) Calculations based on GID-DB and WDI
8 e( u5mr_last X ) 5 MDG4: Child Welfare and Family Code KHM BOL MNG JAMKAZ PHL GEO GTM DOM AZE TTO KGZ ARM PER PRY CHN ECU BLR VNM UKR ARG URY SLV COL NIC FJI MUS MDA BRA VEN TUN CRI ALBTHA HRV CUB CHL RUS MKD BDI COD NGA AGO BFA CAF SLE NER AFG LBR GINZMB CMR UGA KEN COG MOZ MRT BEN ETH RWA CIV MDG GMBSDN TZA SEN MWI TGO PAK BTN SWZ GHA LSO GAB HTI TJK PNG ZAF YEM IND LAO ERI NPL BGD IDN IRQ MAR NAM DZA HND BWA IRN EGY LKA LBY SYR JOR OMN MYS TCD MLI 1 15 AGO NGA TCD SLE MLI COG BFA COD CAF TTO CMR ZAF GIN ZMB NER KEN ARG UGASWZ BDI BTN URY CIV MOZ JAM RWA HRV MUS BRA DOM VEN BEN LBR PAK KHM CRI CHL NAM BWA SEN SDN LBY BOL KAZPER CHN PHL PRY BLR FJI ETHSLV GTM COL AZE TZA DZAGMB PNG TUN MDG MYS ECU HND THA RUS MAR LSO IND IRN ARM GEO MWI ALB MNG LAO MKD GHAHTI EGY IDN TGO YEM JOR UKR NIC LKA SYR BGD TJK VNM MDA KGZ NPL ERI GAB FC_value (lastnm) u5mr Fitted values e( fc_value X ) coef = , se = , t = 7.1 Under 5 mortality rate & SIGI Family Code subindex value Calculations based on GID-DB and WDI
9 Births attended by skilled med. pers. Births attended by skilled med. pers. Births attended by skilled med. pers. MDG5: Safe Motherhood and Family Code Access to Land Access to Credit Births attended by skilled health professionals (% total) by women s access to land, credit and other property : Equal rights,.5:some rights, 1:No rights Access to other property : Equal rights,.5:some rights, 1:No rights Calculations based on GID-DB and WDI : Equal rights,.5:some rights, 1:No rights
10 HIV prevalence (%) HIV prevalence (%) HIV prevalence (%) MDG6: HIV/AIDS and Family Code Parental Authority Inheritance Rights Average HIV prevalence (% population ages 15-49) & Parental Authority, Inheritance Rights, Polygamy : Equal rights.5: Some rights, 1: No Rights : Equal rights.5: Some rights, 1: No Rights Acceptance/Legality of Polygamy Calculations based on GID-DB and WDI : Not legal.5: Legal/Accepted for Some, 1: Accepted/Legal
11 MDG 7: Environment & Women s Ownership Rights % population with access to safe drinking water and SIGI Ownership Rights subindex value Calculations based on GID-DB and WDI
12 MDG8: Development Co-operation & Social Institutions Average share of aid with a gender equality policy objective received by each SIGI quintile (approx. 2 countries/quintile) High Medium-High Medium Calculations based on GID-DB and CRS Medium-Low Low DAC countries bilateral aid Multilateral aid
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