Psychology of Gender. Chapter 7 Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity & Femininity
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1 Psychology of Gender Chapter 7 Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity & Femininity
2 Stereotype threat presence of negative stereotypes threatens performance and self-concept Gender stereotype belief about the psychological traits and characteristics, and activities appropriate for men or women Gender roles behaviors reflecting masculinity and femininity Until Industrial Revolution, more egalitarian roles between men and women After Industrial Revolution Doctrine of Two Spheres and Cult of True Womanhood
3 Doctrine of Two Spheres belief that women and men s interests diverge (men versus women, masculinity versus femininity use of dichotomies) Cult of True Womanhood started real women judged by others in relation to her virtues piety (devotion, especially to religion), purity (virginity), submissiveness (weak, dependent, and timid), and domesticity (home and children) True Women could elevate men to be more religious and pure
4 Male Sex (Gender) Role Identity (the more closely a man adheres to these roles, the more manly he becomes) No sissy stuff denial of all things feminine The big wheel quest and desire for success and status The sturdy oak touch, confident, and self-reliant Give em hell violence, aggression, and daring These roles prohibit close, personal relationships, and requires persistent competition and striving for achievement New model Sex (Gender) Role Strain Since 1960s and 1970s more departure from traditional roles Hegemonic masculinity has remained the same, however
5 Stages of Development of Stereotypes: 1 stereotypes undeveloped; know behaviors and char. of genders 2 self-stereotype but not for others; indirect associations with gender for own sex but not other sex 3 stereotypes for self and sex; complex, indirect gender-related associations for both sexes Stereotypes supported by illusory correlations Stereotyping trends similar to development of gender knowledge or identity: Younger children use less stereotyping than older children Men stereotype more than women Boys stereotype more than girls Flexibility in gender stereotyping increases with age
6 Process & implications Good side to stereotyping cognitive process Prejudice negative evaluation of a particular group because of a particular characteristic Discrimination behavior that results in differential treatment Sexism Hostile sexism negative aspects of sexism; negative attitudes toward women Benevolent sexism positive aspects of sexism; positive attitudes toward women but serve to belittle women and keep them subservient
7 Content of Stereotypes: 2 dimensions competence & warmth Low competence & high warmth pity (homemakers) Low competence & low warmth contempt (prisoners) High competence & high warmth admiration (admired leaders) High competence & low warmth envy (CEO, feminist)
8 Perceptions of Women & Men: 4 components used to differentiate 2 sexes: Traits Behaviors Physical characteristics Occupations We make inferences regarding the other categories based on information we have in 1 Perceptions regarding feminine role has become more egalitarian and positive over the past 25 years, while perceptions regarding the masculine role has not shown as large changes Women do show negative stereotyping as men (viewing men with hostility but also admiration and attraction) We tend to exempt ourselves from stereotypes more often than we exempt others from them
9 Masculinity, Femininity, Androgyny (combination of both masculine and feminine characteristics) Early measures (unidimensional approach MF) MMPI (used Mf scale based on a small sample of homosexual males to determine feminine items) Later measures (two-dimensional approach M, F) BSRI (60 characteristics to determine a M score and F score leading to 4 different categories Masculine, Feminine, Androgynous, & undifferentiated) PAQ (also identifies individuals falling into these four categories) Adopting more positive traits of masculinity or femininity leads to better health and well-being than negative traits (especially for masculinity)
Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity
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