Taylor /Washburne World History Chapter 17

Transcription

1 Taylor /Washburne World History Chapter 17

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5 MIDDLE AGES War (100 Years; Crusades) Plague 1/3-1/2 Europe Killed Church unable to prevent mass death Taught people: endure suffering now for eternal salvation later MIDDLE AGES Social Structure of Feudalism: King-Serf Rise of Towns ~1000 & Universities (~1200) Popes and Kings fight for power Post-1200 s trade slowly returns

6 WHY DID THE RENAISSANCE... GOOD STOPPING PLACE FOR TRADING SHIPS (BRINGS $ IN) CLASSICAL HERITAGE ALL AROUND THEM (RUINS, ART, ROADS) SCHOLARS, ARTISTS MOVE HERE AFTER CONSTANTINOPLE FALLS (1453)... BEGIN IN ITALY? ITALIAN CITY-STATES FULL OF WEALTHY, EDUCATED PEOPLE WILLING TO SUPPORT ARTS & SCIENCE ROME IS HOME OF POWERFUL & WEALTHY CATHOLIC CHURCH = SUPPORTS ARTS

7 FLORENCE is Wealthy, Educated, & controlled by one family: THE MEDICI: GET $ FROM BANKING, LATER ADD CHURCH AS CLIENTS Become BEHIND THE SCENES rulers Become HUGE patrons: Patron a financial supporter of artists

8 #1: INDIVIDUALISM STRESSED IMPORTANCE OF BEING UNIQUE INDIVIDUALS UNLIKE FITTING INTO SOCIETY LIKE IN MIDDLE AGES ENCOURAGED ITALIANS TO BE THEIR BEST AND THINK OF THEMSELVES AS BETTER THAN ANYONE ELSE PUSHED BEING PROUD AND BOASTFUL OF THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS & QUALITIES

9 #2: HUMANISM STRESSED STUDY OF CLASSICAL GREEK AND ROMAN TEXTS TO FIND OUT WHAT THEY HAD TO SAY ABOUT MAN, NOT GOD IS THE BASIS OF AN EDUCATION IN THE HUMANITIES : HISTORY, LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY, ARTS REJECTED NON-CHRISTIAN VALUES, BUT BECAME SECULAR AS TIME PASSED

10 #3: SECULARISM STRESSED IMPORTANCE OF THIS WORLD NOT SPIRITUAL WORLD (THINK NON-RELIGIOUS ) HARD TO THINK OF SAVING ONE S SOUL WHEN TRYING TO MAKE A LOT OF MONEY AND BRAGGING ABOUT ONE S SELF

11 SECULARISM, CONT. EVEN CHURCH OFFICIALS BECAME WORLDLY: FINE FOOD, FINE DRESS, BEAUTIFUL MANSIONS SOME MARRIED AND HAD ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN EVEN POPES BECAME WORLDLY

12 WRITE IN VERNACULAR (COMMON LANGUAGE OF PEOPLE, NOT LATIN) DEAL WITH SECULAR & HUMANISTIC THEMES DANTE (DIVINE COMEDY) & BOCCACCIO (DECAMERON) EXAMPLES

13 MACHIAVELLI THE PRINCE (1513) Advice Book for Rulers: How to get power How to keep power Concerned with how things are not how they should be Better to be feared than loved MACHIAVELLIAN = cunning, unscrupulous

14 THE COURTIER: Guide Book on how to be a Gentleman/REN. MAN Best at POETRY, best at DUELING, best at DANCING, solve difficult MATH problems, but do it as if it was nothing A Renaissance Man is WELL- ROUNDED IN ALL FIELDS

15 Leonardo, Renaissance Man Painter- Mona Lisa Sculptor- Inventor helicopter, submarine Scientist-- anatomy

16 1. What are the three reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy? 2. What are secular values? Humanism? 3. How did the methods and subjects in art change? (What are perspective and realism?) 4. What did Renaissance writers write about? Vernacular?

17 The Mona Lisa

18 The Last Supper

19 In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance begin to spread to Northern Europe

20 Spirit of Renaissance Italy impresses visitors from northern Europe (trade) England and France unify under strong MONARCHS (kings) who are art patrons because it helps display their power and their country s power. NOTE: Hitler used art the same way in Nazi Germany; he also read and followed Machiavelli s THE PRINCE; As did STALIN in RUSSIA

21 NORTHERN HUMANISM DIFFERENT: UPSET THAT CHURCH FAILED TO MAKE PEOPLE LIVE CHRISTIAN LIVES GOAL WAS TO REFORM SOCIETY EDUCATION= KEY TO REFORMING SOCIETY W/ SCHOOLS FOR BOYS & GIRLS

22 1509--PRAISE OF FOLLY: POKED FUN AT SELF-IMPORTANT PRIESTS & SCHOLARS, GREEDY MERCHANTS REFORM SOCIETY THROUGH: EDUCATION: BIBLE & CLASSICS PHILOSOPHY OF CHRIST = WHAT WOULD JESUS DO? (PEOPLE NEED TO LIVE LIFE LIKE THAT)

23 ERASMUS RESPECTED THROUGHOUT EUROPE WELL EDUCATED QUIET, BUT INFLUENTIAL & POWERFUL

24 THOMAS MORE UTOPIA, 1516: DESCRIBES A PERFECT SOCIETY: MAN IS GOOD, SYSTEM IS BAD ALL SHARE WEALTH SOCIAL EQUALITY NO WAR, NO GREED

25 Queen Elizabeth I Renaissance spreads to England in mid- 1500s Period known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth reigns from 1558 to 1603 Never married, no children

26 William Shakespeare Shakespeare is regarded as the greatest playwright Plays performed at London s Globe Theater (Chicago has EXACT model UNDERSTOOOD HUMAN NATURE GOOD W/ ENGLISH KNEW CLASSICS & HISTORY

27 Gutenberg Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops printing press Printing press allows for quick, cheap book production First book printed with movable type, Gutenberg Bible (1455)

28 Printing makes information widely available Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to people Political systems and religious practices are questioned

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30 Church Authority Challenged INDIVIDUALISM, HUMANISM, SECULARISM: Renaissance ideas challenge Church authority Printing press spreads secular ideas Merchants resent paying church taxes (tithes) Criticisms of the Catholic Church Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes Poorly educated priests Selling church offices,

31 The 95 Theses Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel s selling of indulgences Indulgence releases a person from penalty for sin (later includes promise of release from hell) In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses Luther s IDEAS spread through Germany STARTS the Reformation a movement for religious reform in Catholic Church

32 LUTHER S TEACHINGS SALVATION THROUGH FAITH ALONE! HIGHEST AUTHORITY IN CHRISTIANITY IS BIBLE SO BELIEVERS DON T NEED PRIESTS TO INTERPRET BIBLE ALL CHRISTIANS ARE EQUAL & ALL JOBS HAVE WORTH RESULTS Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther Luther and followers begin a separate religious group Lutherans Some princes side with Luther, become known as Protestants

33 BIRTH OF PRINTING PRESS Luther s City

34 Henry VIII Wants a Son Henry has only daughter, needs male heir to rule England Henry wants a divorce; Pope refuses to annul (set aside) his first marriage to Catherine Also wants Church lands and Church s Power for himself!

35 BASICALLY IT IS CATHOLIC W/O THE POPE KING BECOMES HEAD OF CHURCH KEEP ALL THE CATHOLIC SACREMENTS FULL OF ART: STATUES, STAINED GLASS, PAINTINGS, ETC.

36 John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536): Man is sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation God chooses who will be saved predestination!!

37 Although pessimistic, Calvin s ideas VERY POPULAR BEING RICH may be a sign that God has CHOSEN that person for SALVATION Many historians believe this is the start of CAPITALISM PURITANS AND PILGRIMS were influenced by Calvin VERY STRICT LIFESTYLE NO ART IN CHURCHES BLACK CLOTHES MODEST BEHAVIOR

38 As Protestant reformers divide over beliefs, the Catholic Church makes reforms COUNCIL OF TRENT ( ) GETS RID OF MANY ABUSES (selling offices, indulgences, poor priest education, etc) CREATE: JESUITS: SPIRITUAL SOLDIERS AGAINST PROTESTANTS AND ADVISORS TO KINGS OPENED SCHOOLS W/ HIGH STANDARDS

39 Church s interpretation of Bible is final Christians need FAITH and GOOD WORKS for SALVATION Bible and Church traditions equally important Start INQUISITION to seek out heresy mainly effective in Italy and Spain Ban lots of books

40 Religious and Social Catholic Church is unified; Protestant denominations grow Catholics and Protestants create schools throughout Europe Political Catholic Church s power lessens, power of monarchs and states grow Reformation s questioning of RELIGIOUS beliefs leads to questioning OTHER things Late 18th century sees a new intellectual movement the Enlightenment

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42 During the Renaissance, patrons of the arts were people who frequented many art festivals. False: During the Renaissance, patrons of the arts were people who financially supported the artists.

43 The technique of perspective was used by Renaissance painters to show three dimensions on a flat surface. True

44 The Renaissance, a movement that started in Germany and lasted 300 years, brought about a growth of creativity in art, writing, and thought. False: The Renaissance, a movement that started in Italy and lasted 300 years, brought about a growth of creativity in art, writing, and thought.

45 The general emphasis of the Renaissance movement was religious. False: The general attitude of the Renaissance movement was secular, meaning worldly (not spiritual).

46 The Prince, by Niccolò Machiavelli, stated that people are selfish and corrupt, and that a prince should be feared more than loved. True

47 Some Renaissance writers wrote in the vernacular, or in the author s native language. True

48 An intellectual movement called humanism focused on scientific information about the human body. False: An intellectual movement called humanism focused on human potential and achievements.

49 Renaissance men were men who mastered many fields of endeavor. True