Basics of 3D Rendering CS 148: Summer 2016 Introduction of Graphics and Imaging Zahid Hossain
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1 Basics of 3D Rendering CS 148: Summer 2016 Introduction of Graphics and Imaging Zahid Hossain
2 What We Have So Far 3D geometry 2D pipeline CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 2
3 Handy Fact Matrices preserve flat geometry CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 3
4 Handy Fact Matrices preserve flat geometry CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 4
5 So What? 3D triangles look like 2D triangles under camera transformations. CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 5
6 So What? 3D triangles look like 2D triangles under camera transformations. Use 2D pipeline for 3D Rendering! CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 6
7 Side Note Only true for flat shapes CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 7
8 Side Note Only true for flat shapes CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 8
9 Frame Buffering CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 9
10 Double and Triple Buffering Tearing : Data from multiple frames appear on the screen at the same time. This happens when GPU rendering rate and monitor refresh rate are not synced. CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 10
11 Double Buffering with V-Sync Front Buffer Back Buffer Front Buffer (video memory) SwapBuffer: Either copy Back Buffer to Front Buffer, or Swap Pointers (Usually in Fullscreen mode). Vertical Retraces CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 11
12 Double Buffering with V-Sync Front Buffer Back Buffer Front Buffer (video memory) SwapBuffer: Either copy Back Buffer to Front Buffer, or Swap Pointers (Usually in Fullscreen mode). Vertical Retraces CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 12
13 Triple Buffering with V-Sync Front Buffer Back Buffer 1 Back Buffer 2 Front Buffer (Video Memory) Vertical Retraces CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 13
14 Triple Buffering with V-Sync Front Buffer Back Buffer 1 Back Buffer 2 Front Buffer (Video Memory) Vertical Retraces CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 14
15 Occulusion CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 15
16 Painter s Algorithm Draw items one at a time CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 16
17 Painter s Algorithm Draw items one at a time CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 17
18 Painter s Algorithm Draw items one at a time CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 18
19 Painter s Algorithm Draw items one at a time CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 19
20 Painter s Algorithm Draw items one at a time CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 20
21 What Order? CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 21
22 What Order? CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 22
23 Early Hidden Surface Approaches Pre-compute rendering order Cut geometry as needed CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 23
24 Observation Each pixel can decide what is on top independently. CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 24
25 Observation Each pixel can decide what is on top independently. CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 25
26 Z Buffer Color Buffer (RGB each cell) Depth buffer (one number each cell) CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 26
27 Z-Buffer CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 27
28 Z-Buffer Issues: Resolution Non linear! CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 28
29 Z-Buffer Issues: Resolution Depth CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 29
30 Z-Buffer Issues: Depth Fighting aka. Stiching or bleeding CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 30
31 Z-Buffer Issues: Depth Fighting Hack: Scale and add offset glpolygonoffset aka. Stiching or bleeding CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 31
32 Cull [kuhl]: To identify and throw away invisible geometry to save processing time. CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 32
33 Basic Culling Strategies Backface culling: remove geometry facing away from the camera View volume culling: remove geometry outside frustum Occlusion culling: remove invisible geometry CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 33
34 Backface Culling None Backface culling Hidden surface removal CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 34
35 Specifying Triangle Orientation gldisable/glenable(gl_cull_face) glfrontface(gl_ccw) CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 35
36 View Volume Culling Potential strategies: Store scene hierarchically With bounding volumes Compute viewing frustrum Don t render volumes that are clearly outside frustrum CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 36
37 Occlusion Culling: Portal Rendering CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 37
38 Occlusion Culling: Portal Rendering Potentially Visible Set CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 38
39 Occlusion Culling: Portal Rendering Potentially Visible Set CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 39
40 Occlusion Culling: Portal Rendering Mirrors? Potentially Visible Set (PVS) CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 40
41 Summary of Culling Techniques CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 41
42 Acceleration Structures CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 42
43 Goal of Acceleration Structures Quickly reject objects that are outside the viewing volume Query for intersections efficiently CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 43
44 Spatial Hierarchies Letters correspond to planes (A) CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 44
45 Spatial Hierarchies Letters correspond to planes (A,B) CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 45
46 Spatial Hierarchies Letters correspond to planes (A,B,C,D) CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 46
47 Spatial Hierarchies: Variations CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 47
48 Octree Each node has 0 or 8 children Each node can equally subdivide its space (an AABB) into eight subboxes by 3 midplanes Children of a node are contained within the box of the node itself Stop subdividing when number of objects/primitives falls below a threshold or maximum depth has reached. Recursively render cells that intersects with the viewing volume CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 48
49 K-d Tree Begin with the global bounding box containing all primitives. Choose an axis and a splitting plane perpendicular to that axis Subdivide the primitives on both sides of the plane into two groups Usually done in a balanced manner Stop when the number of primitives in each single group is below a threshold CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 49
50 Shadows CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 50
51 Shadows CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 51
52 Shadows: Spatial Cue CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 52
53 Shadows: Realism CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 53
54 Shadow CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 54
55 Shadow We will only concentrate on hard-shadows CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 55
56 Shadow Mapping First Pass Render the Scene from the light Source Pretend the light is the camera Store the depth buffer as a texture Heightfield tells us the distance of the nearest points from the light source. Light s POV depth map CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 56
57 Shadow Mapping Second Pass Project the depth buffer texture from the light s P.O.V Render the scene from the camera position Recall Projective Texturing CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 57
58 Projective Texturing (RECALL) Map NDC (-1, 1 ) to Texture Coordinate space (0-1) Scale and add Bias Final texture coordinates after perspective-correct interpolation of Compare this with depth CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 58
59 Shadow Mapping Second Pass Project the depth buffer texture from the light s P.O.V Render the scene from the camera position Compare fragment s depth (projected r texture coordinate) to the depth stored in texture CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 59
60 Shadow Mapping: Issues Limited field of view of depth map CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 60
61 Shadow Mapping: Issues Limited field of view of depth map Z-Fighting Add scale and bias similar to glpolygonoffset Getting it right is complicated CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 61
62 Shadow Mapping: Issues Limited field of view of depth map Z-Fighting Add scale and bias similar to glpolygonoffset Getting it right is complicated Sampling problem (aliasing) Larger depth map may mitigate some of it CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 62
63 Shadow Mapping: Issues Limited field of view of depth map Z-Fighting Add scale and bias similar to glpolygonoffset Getting it right is complicated Sampling problem (aliasing) Larger depth map may mitigate some of it CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 63
64 Deferred Rendering a.k.a Deferred Shading CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 64
65 Deferred Rendering So far: we did Forward Rendering Lots of fragments are wasted due to overdraw Complex Lighting/Shading computation wasted Solution: Defer lighting computation until we have figured out all the pixels that end up on the screen Deferred Rendering can handle lots of lights Complexity: Forward Rendering: Num_Objects * Num_Light Deferred Rendering: Num_Object + Num_Light CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 65
66 Deferred Rendering Two Pass 1. Geometry Pass 2. Lighting Pass CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 66
67 Deferred Rendering Two Pass 1. Geometry Pass 2. Lighting Pass CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 67
68 Deferred Rendering Transparency still done through Forward Rendering Need to copy the Depth Buffer. CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 68
69 Deferred Rendering: Lots of Light Can handle lots of light: key is Light Volume Shade pixels that are close to a light Why does not if-else branch work for this on the GPU? CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 69
70 Deferred Rendering: Lots of Light Can handle lots of light: key is Light Volume Shade pixels that are close to a light Why does not if-else branch work for this on the GPU? Draw one light volume at a time: accumulate colors CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 70
71 Deferred Rendering: Lots of Light Can handle lots of light: key is Light Volume Shade pixels that are close to a light Why does not if-else branch work for this on the GPU? Draw one light volume at a time: accumulate colors 1847 Lights! CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 71
72 Deferred Rendering: Challenges Doesn t support MSAA (Multiple Sample Anti- Aliasing) Extra frame buffer memory Transparencies need to be done with Forward Rendering CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 72
73 Challenges of Rasterizers CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 73
74 Shadows and Reflections 3d.com/free_3d_models/uploads/mantalray.jpg CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 74
75 Transparencies CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 75
76 Depth of Field CS 148: Introduction to Computer Graphics and Imaging (Summer 2016) Zahid Hossain 76
77 Basics of 3D Rendering CS 148: Summer 2016 Introduction of Graphics and Imaging Zahid Hossain
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